tower lol

2026-01-14 14:25:02 +01:00 · 2022-09-15 21:21:20 +02:00 · 2022-09-15 21:21:20 +02:00 · 40a6bd3bce
commit 40a6bd3bce
parent 1e415960ec
49 changed files with 4626 additions and 1 deletions
--- a/1
+++ b/1
@ -1 +0,0 @@
-Subproject commit 4dc34c8d57b1e448c29cccb9f91468f6105ae461
--- a/tower/.gitignore
+++ b/tower/.gitignore
@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+target
+Cargo.lock
--- a/tower/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tower/Cargo.toml
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[workspace]
+
+members = [
+  "tower",
+  "tower-layer",
+  "tower-service",
+  "tower-test",
+]
--- a/tower/LICENSE
+++ b/tower/LICENSE
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Copyright (c) 2019 Tower Contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
+person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
+Software without restriction, including without
+limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
+is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice
+shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
+of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
--- a/tower/README.md
+++ b/tower/README.md
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# Tower
+
+Tower is a library of modular and reusable components for building robust
+networking clients and servers.
+
+[![Crates.io][crates-badge]][crates-url]
+[![Documentation][docs-badge]][docs-url]
+[![Documentation (master)][docs-master-badge]][docs-master-url]
+[![MIT licensed][mit-badge]][mit-url]
+[![Build Status][actions-badge]][actions-url]
+[![Discord chat][discord-badge]][discord-url]
+
+[crates-badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/tower.svg
+[crates-url]: https://crates.io/crates/tower
+[docs-badge]: https://docs.rs/tower/badge.svg
+[docs-url]: https://docs.rs/tower
+[docs-master-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-master-blue
+[docs-master-url]: https://tower-rs.github.io/tower/tower
+[mit-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg
+[mit-url]: LICENSE
+[actions-badge]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/workflows/CI/badge.svg
+[actions-url]:https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/actions?query=workflow%3ACI
+[discord-badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/500028886025895936?logo=discord&label=discord&logoColor=white
+[discord-url]: https://discord.gg/EeF3cQw
+
+## Overview
+
+Tower aims to make it as easy as possible to build robust networking clients and
+servers. It is protocol agnostic, but is designed around a request / response
+pattern. If your protocol is entirely stream based, Tower may not be a good fit.
+
+## Supported Rust Versions
+
+Tower will keep a rolling MSRV (minimum supported Rust version) policy of **at
+least** 6 months. When increasing the MSRV, the new Rust version must have been
+released at least six months ago. The current MSRV is 1.49.0.
+
+## Getting Started
+
+If you're brand new to Tower and want to start with the basics we recommend you
+check out some of our [guides].
+
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the [MIT license](LICENSE).
+
+### Contribution
+
+Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
+for inclusion in Tower by you, shall be licensed as MIT, without any additional
+terms or conditions.
+
+[guides]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/tree/master/guides
--- a/tower/deny.toml
+++ b/tower/deny.toml
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+[advisories]
+vulnerability = "deny"
+unmaintained = "warn"
+notice = "warn"
+ignore = ["RUSTSEC-2020-0159"]
+
+[licenses]
+unlicensed = "deny"
+allow = []
+deny = []
+copyleft = "warn"
+allow-osi-fsf-free = "either"
+confidence-threshold = 0.8
+
+[bans]
+multiple-versions = "deny"
+highlight = "all"
+skip = []
+
+[sources]
+unknown-registry = "warn"
+unknown-git = "warn"
+allow-git = []
--- a/tower/netlify.toml
+++ b/tower/netlify.toml
@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[build]
+  command = "rustup install nightly --profile minimal && cargo doc --features=full --no-deps && cp -r target/doc _netlify_out"
+  environment = { RUSTDOCFLAGS= "--cfg docsrs" }
+  publish = "_netlify_out"
+
+[[redirects]]
+  from = "/"
+  to = "/tower"
--- a/tower/tower-layer/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/tower/tower-layer/CHANGELOG.md
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# 0.3.1 (January 7, 2021)
+
+### Added
+
+- Added `layer_fn`, for constructing a `Layer` from a function taking
+  a `Service` and returning a different `Service` ([#491])
+- Added an implementation of `Layer` for `&Layer` ([#446])
+- Multiple documentation improvements ([#487], [#490])
+
+[#491]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/491
+[#446]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/446
+[#487]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/487
+[#490]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/490
+
+# 0.3.0 (November 29, 2019)
+
+- Move layer builder from `tower-util` to tower-layer.
+
+# 0.3.0-alpha.2 (September 30, 2019)
+
+- Move to `futures-*-preview 0.3.0-alpha.19`
+- Move to `pin-project 0.4`
+
+# 0.3.0-alpha.1 (September 11, 2019)
+
+- Move to `std::future`
+
+# 0.1.0 (April 26, 2019)
+
+- Initial release
--- a/tower/tower-layer/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tower/tower-layer/Cargo.toml
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+[package]
+name = "tower-layer"
+# When releasing to crates.io:
+# - Update doc url
+#   - Cargo.toml
+#   - README.md
+# - Update CHANGELOG.md.
+# - Create "v0.1.x" git tag.
+version = "0.3.1"
+authors = ["Tower Maintainers <team@tower-rs.com>"]
+license = "MIT"
+readme = "README.md"
+repository = "https://github.com/tower-rs/tower"
+homepage = "https://github.com/tower-rs/tower"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/tower-layer/0.3.0-alpha.2"
+description = """
+Decorates a `Service` to allow easy composition between `Service`s.
+"""
+categories = ["asynchronous", "network-programming"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+tower-service = { version = "0.3.0", path = "../tower-service" }
+tower = { version = "0.4", path = "../tower" }
--- a/tower/tower-layer/LICENSE
+++ b/tower/tower-layer/LICENSE
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Copyright (c) 2019 Tower Contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
+person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
+Software without restriction, including without
+limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
+is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice
+shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
+of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
--- a/tower/tower-layer/README.md
+++ b/tower/tower-layer/README.md
@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+# Tower Layer
+
+Decorates a [Tower] `Service`, transforming either the request or the response.
+
+[![Crates.io][crates-badge]][crates-url]
+[![Documentation][docs-badge]][docs-url]
+[![Documentation (master)][docs-master-badge]][docs-master-url]
+[![MIT licensed][mit-badge]][mit-url]
+[![Build Status][actions-badge]][actions-url]
+[![Discord chat][discord-badge]][discord-url]
+
+[crates-badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/tower-layer.svg
+[crates-url]: https://crates.io/crates/tower-layer
+[docs-badge]: https://docs.rs/tower-layer/badge.svg
+[docs-url]: https://docs.rs/tower-layer
+[docs-master-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-master-blue
+[docs-master-url]: https://tower-rs.github.io/tower/tower_layer
+[mit-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg
+[mit-url]: LICENSE
+[actions-badge]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/workflows/CI/badge.svg
+[actions-url]:https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/actions?query=workflow%3ACI
+[discord-badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/500028886025895936?logo=discord&label=discord&logoColor=white
+[discord-url]: https://discord.gg/EeF3cQw
+
+## Overview
+
+Often, many of the pieces needed for writing network applications can be
+reused across multiple services. The `Layer` trait can be used to write
+reusable components that can be applied to very different kinds of services;
+for example, it can be applied to services operating on different protocols,
+and to both the client and server side of a network transaction.
+
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the [MIT license](LICENSE).
+
+### Contribution
+
+Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
+for inclusion in Tower by you, shall be licensed as MIT, without any additional
+terms or conditions.
+
+[Tower]: https://crates.io/crates/tower
--- a/tower/tower-layer/src/identity.rs
+++ b/tower/tower-layer/src/identity.rs
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+use super::Layer;
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// A no-op middleware.
+///
+/// When wrapping a [`Service`], the [`Identity`] layer returns the provided
+/// service without modifying it.
+///
+/// [`Service`]: https://docs.rs/tower-service/latest/tower_service/trait.Service.html
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+pub struct Identity {
+    _p: (),
+}
+
+impl Identity {
+    /// Create a new [`Identity`] value
+    pub fn new() -> Identity {
+        Identity { _p: () }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Decorates a [`Service`], transforming either the request or the response.
+///
+/// [`Service`]: https://docs.rs/tower-service/latest/tower_service/trait.Service.html
+impl<S> Layer<S> for Identity {
+    type Service = S;
+
+    fn layer(&self, inner: S) -> Self::Service {
+        inner
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for Identity {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("Identity").finish()
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower-layer/src/layer_fn.rs
+++ b/tower/tower-layer/src/layer_fn.rs
@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+use super::Layer;
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// Returns a new [`LayerFn`] that implements [`Layer`] by calling the
+/// given function.
+///
+/// The [`Layer::layer`] method takes a type implementing [`Service`] and
+/// returns a different type implementing [`Service`]. In many cases, this can
+/// be implemented by a function or a closure. The [`LayerFn`] helper allows
+/// writing simple [`Layer`] implementations without needing the boilerplate of
+/// a new struct implementing [`Layer`].
+///
+/// # Example
+/// ```rust
+/// # use tower::Service;
+/// # use std::task::{Poll, Context};
+/// # use tower_layer::{Layer, layer_fn};
+/// # use std::fmt;
+/// # use std::convert::Infallible;
+/// #
+/// // A middleware that logs requests before forwarding them to another service
+/// pub struct LogService<S> {
+///     target: &'static str,
+///     service: S,
+/// }
+///
+/// impl<S, Request> Service<Request> for LogService<S>
+/// where
+///     S: Service<Request>,
+///     Request: fmt::Debug,
+/// {
+///     type Response = S::Response;
+///     type Error = S::Error;
+///     type Future = S::Future;
+///
+///     fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+///         self.service.poll_ready(cx)
+///     }
+///
+///     fn call(&mut self, request: Request) -> Self::Future {
+///         // Log the request
+///         println!("request = {:?}, target = {:?}", request, self.target);
+///
+///         self.service.call(request)
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // A `Layer` that wraps services in `LogService`
+/// let log_layer = layer_fn(|service| {
+///     LogService {
+///         service,
+///         target: "tower-docs",
+///     }
+/// });
+///
+/// // An example service. This one uppercases strings
+/// let uppercase_service = tower::service_fn(|request: String| async move {
+///     Ok::<_, Infallible>(request.to_uppercase())
+/// });
+///
+/// // Wrap our service in a `LogService` so requests are logged.
+/// let wrapped_service = log_layer.layer(uppercase_service);
+/// ```
+///
+/// [`Service`]: https://docs.rs/tower-service/latest/tower_service/trait.Service.html
+/// [`Layer::layer`]: crate::Layer::layer
+pub fn layer_fn<T>(f: T) -> LayerFn<T> {
+    LayerFn { f }
+}
+
+/// A `Layer` implemented by a closure. See the docs for [`layer_fn`] for more details.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct LayerFn<F> {
+    f: F,
+}
+
+impl<F, S, Out> Layer<S> for LayerFn<F>
+where
+    F: Fn(S) -> Out,
+{
+    type Service = Out;
+
+    fn layer(&self, inner: S) -> Self::Service {
+        (self.f)(inner)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F> fmt::Debug for LayerFn<F> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("LayerFn")
+            .field("f", &format_args!("{}", std::any::type_name::<F>()))
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[allow(dead_code)]
+    #[test]
+    fn layer_fn_has_useful_debug_impl() {
+        struct WrappedService<S> {
+            inner: S,
+        }
+        let layer = layer_fn(|svc| WrappedService { inner: svc });
+        let _svc = layer.layer("foo");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            "LayerFn { f: tower_layer::layer_fn::tests::layer_fn_has_useful_debug_impl::{{closure}} }".to_string(),
+            format!("{:?}", layer),
+        );
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower-layer/src/lib.rs
+++ b/tower/tower-layer/src/lib.rs
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+#![warn(
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    missing_docs,
+    rust_2018_idioms,
+    unreachable_pub
+)]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+// `rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links` is checked on CI
+
+//! Layer traits and extensions.
+//!
+//! A layer decorates an service and provides additional functionality. It
+//! allows other services to be composed with the service that implements layer.
+//!
+//! A middleware implements the [`Layer`] and [`Service`] trait.
+//!
+//! [`Service`]: https://docs.rs/tower/latest/tower/trait.Service.html
+
+mod identity;
+mod layer_fn;
+mod stack;
+
+pub use self::{
+    identity::Identity,
+    layer_fn::{layer_fn, LayerFn},
+    stack::Stack,
+};
+
+/// Decorates a [`Service`], transforming either the request or the response.
+///
+/// Often, many of the pieces needed for writing network applications can be
+/// reused across multiple services. The `Layer` trait can be used to write
+/// reusable components that can be applied to very different kinds of services;
+/// for example, it can be applied to services operating on different protocols,
+/// and to both the client and server side of a network transaction.
+///
+/// # Log
+///
+/// Take request logging as an example:
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// # use tower_service::Service;
+/// # use std::task::{Poll, Context};
+/// # use tower_layer::Layer;
+/// # use std::fmt;
+///
+/// pub struct LogLayer {
+///     target: &'static str,
+/// }
+///
+/// impl<S> Layer<S> for LogLayer {
+///     type Service = LogService<S>;
+///
+///     fn layer(&self, service: S) -> Self::Service {
+///         LogService {
+///             target: self.target,
+///             service
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // This service implements the Log behavior
+/// pub struct LogService<S> {
+///     target: &'static str,
+///     service: S,
+/// }
+///
+/// impl<S, Request> Service<Request> for LogService<S>
+/// where
+///     S: Service<Request>,
+///     Request: fmt::Debug,
+/// {
+///     type Response = S::Response;
+///     type Error = S::Error;
+///     type Future = S::Future;
+///
+///     fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+///         self.service.poll_ready(cx)
+///     }
+///
+///     fn call(&mut self, request: Request) -> Self::Future {
+///         // Insert log statement here or other functionality
+///         println!("request = {:?}, target = {:?}", request, self.target);
+///         self.service.call(request)
+///     }
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// The above log implementation is decoupled from the underlying protocol and
+/// is also decoupled from client or server concerns. In other words, the same
+/// log middleware could be used in either a client or a server.
+///
+/// [`Service`]: https://docs.rs/tower/latest/tower/trait.Service.html
+pub trait Layer<S> {
+    /// The wrapped service
+    type Service;
+    /// Wrap the given service with the middleware, returning a new service
+    /// that has been decorated with the middleware.
+    fn layer(&self, inner: S) -> Self::Service;
+}
+
+impl<'a, T, S> Layer<S> for &'a T
+where
+    T: ?Sized + Layer<S>,
+{
+    type Service = T::Service;
+
+    fn layer(&self, inner: S) -> Self::Service {
+        (**self).layer(inner)
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower-layer/src/stack.rs
+++ b/tower/tower-layer/src/stack.rs
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+use super::Layer;
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// Two middlewares chained together.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Stack<Inner, Outer> {
+    inner: Inner,
+    outer: Outer,
+}
+
+impl<Inner, Outer> Stack<Inner, Outer> {
+    /// Create a new `Stack`.
+    pub fn new(inner: Inner, outer: Outer) -> Self {
+        Stack { inner, outer }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, Inner, Outer> Layer<S> for Stack<Inner, Outer>
+where
+    Inner: Layer<S>,
+    Outer: Layer<Inner::Service>,
+{
+    type Service = Outer::Service;
+
+    fn layer(&self, service: S) -> Self::Service {
+        let inner = self.inner.layer(service);
+
+        self.outer.layer(inner)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Inner, Outer> fmt::Debug for Stack<Inner, Outer>
+where
+    Inner: fmt::Debug,
+    Outer: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        // The generated output of nested `Stack`s is very noisy and makes
+        // it harder to understand what is in a `ServiceBuilder`.
+        //
+        // Instead, this output is designed assuming that a `Stack` is
+        // usually quite nested, and inside a `ServiceBuilder`. Therefore,
+        // this skips using `f.debug_struct()`, since each one would force
+        // a new layer of indentation.
+        //
+        // - In compact mode, a nested stack ends up just looking like a flat
+        //   list of layers.
+        //
+        // - In pretty mode, while a newline is inserted between each layer,
+        //   the `DebugStruct` used in the `ServiceBuilder` will inject padding
+        //   to that each line is at the same indentation level.
+        //
+        // Also, the order of [outer, inner] is important, since it reflects
+        // the order that the layers were added to the stack.
+        if f.alternate() {
+            // pretty
+            write!(f, "{:#?},\n{:#?}", self.outer, self.inner)
+        } else {
+            write!(f, "{:?}, {:?}", self.outer, self.inner)
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower-service/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/tower/tower-service/CHANGELOG.md
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Unreleased
+
+- None
+
+# 0.3.2 (June 17, 2022)
+
+## Added
+
+- **docs**: Clarify subtlety around cloning and readiness in the `Service` docs
+  ([#548])
+- **docs**: Clarify details around shared resource consumption in `poll_ready()`
+  ([#662])
+
+
+[#548]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/548
+[#662]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/662
+
+
+# 0.3.1 (November 29, 2019)
+
+- Improve example in `Service` docs. ([#510])
+
+[#510]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/510
+
+# 0.3.0 (November 29, 2019)
+
+- Update to `futures 0.3`.
+- Update documentation for `std::future::Future`.
+
+# 0.3.0-alpha.2 (September 30, 2019)
+
+- Documentation fixes.
+
+# 0.3.0-alpha.1 (Aug 20, 2019)
+
+* Switch to `std::future::Future`
+
+# 0.2.0 (Dec 12, 2018)
+
+* Change `Service`'s `Request` associated type to be a generic instead.
+  * Before:
+
+    ```rust
+    impl Service for Client {
+        type Request = HttpRequest;
+        type Response = HttpResponse;
+        // ...
+    }
+    ```
+  * After:
+
+    ```rust
+    impl Service<HttpRequest> for Client {
+        type Response = HttpResponse;
+        // ...
+    }
+    ```
+* Remove `NewService`, use `tower_util::MakeService` instead.
+* Remove `Service::ready` and `Ready`, use `tower_util::ServiceExt` instead.
+
+# 0.1.0 (Aug 9, 2018)
+
+* Initial release
--- a/tower/tower-service/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tower/tower-service/Cargo.toml
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+[package]
+name = "tower-service"
+# When releasing to crates.io:
+# - Update doc url
+#   - Cargo.toml
+#   - README.md
+# - Update CHANGELOG.md.
+# - Create "v0.3.x" git tag.
+version = "0.3.2"
+authors = ["Tower Maintainers <team@tower-rs.com>"]
+license = "MIT"
+readme = "README.md"
+repository = "https://github.com/tower-rs/tower"
+homepage = "https://github.com/tower-rs/tower"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/tower-service/0.3.2"
+description = """
+Trait representing an asynchronous, request / response based, client or server.
+"""
+categories = ["asynchronous", "network-programming"]
+edition = "2018"
+
+[dependencies]
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+http = "0.2"
+tower-layer = { version = "0.3", path = "../tower-layer" }
+tokio = { version = "1", features = ["macros", "time"] }
+futures = "0.3"
--- a/tower/tower-service/LICENSE
+++ b/tower/tower-service/LICENSE
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Copyright (c) 2019 Tower Contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
+person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
+Software without restriction, including without
+limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
+is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice
+shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
+of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
--- a/tower/tower-service/README.md
+++ b/tower/tower-service/README.md
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# Tower Service
+
+The foundational `Service` trait that [Tower] is based on.
+
+[![Crates.io][crates-badge]][crates-url]
+[![Documentation][docs-badge]][docs-url]
+[![Documentation (master)][docs-master-badge]][docs-master-url]
+[![MIT licensed][mit-badge]][mit-url]
+[![Build Status][actions-badge]][actions-url]
+[![Discord chat][discord-badge]][discord-url]
+
+[crates-badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/tower-service.svg
+[crates-url]: https://crates.io/crates/tower-service
+[docs-badge]: https://docs.rs/tower-service/badge.svg
+[docs-url]: https://docs.rs/tower-service
+[docs-master-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-master-blue
+[docs-master-url]: https://tower-rs.github.io/tower/tower_service
+[mit-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg
+[mit-url]: LICENSE
+[actions-badge]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/workflows/CI/badge.svg
+[actions-url]:https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/actions?query=workflow%3ACI
+[discord-badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/500028886025895936?logo=discord&label=discord&logoColor=white
+[discord-url]: https://discord.gg/EeF3cQw
+
+## Overview
+
+The [`Service`] trait provides the foundation upon which [Tower] is built. It is a
+simple, but powerful trait. At its heart, `Service` is just an asynchronous
+function of request to response.
+
+```
+async fn(Request) -> Result<Response, Error>
+```
+
+Implementations of `Service` take a request, the type of which varies per
+protocol, and returns a future representing the eventual completion or failure
+of the response.
+
+Services are used to represent both clients and servers. An *instance* of
+`Service` is used through a client; a server *implements* `Service`.
+
+By using standardizing the interface, middleware can be created. Middleware
+*implement* `Service` by passing the request to another `Service`. The
+middleware may take actions such as modify the request.
+
+[`Service`]: https://docs.rs/tower-service/latest/tower_service/trait.Service.html
+[Tower]: https://crates.io/crates/tower
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the [MIT license](LICENSE).
+
+### Contribution
+
+Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
+for inclusion in Tower by you, shall be licensed as MIT, without any additional
+terms or conditions.
--- a/tower/tower-service/src/lib.rs
+++ b/tower/tower-service/src/lib.rs
@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#![warn(rust_2018_idioms, unreachable_pub)]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+pub trait Service<Request> {
+    /// Responses given by the service.
+    type Response;
+
+    /// Errors produced by the service.
+    type Error;
+
+    /// The future response value.
+    type Future: Future<Output = Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>>;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>>;
+
+    fn call(&mut self, req: Request) -> Self::Future;
+}
--- a/tower/tower/CHANGELOG.md
+++ b/tower/tower/CHANGELOG.md
@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+# Changelog
+
+All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file.
+
+The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
+and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
+
+# Unreleased
+
+- None.
+
+# 0.4.13 (June 17, 2022)
+
+### Added
+
+- **load_shed**: Public constructor for `Overloaded` error ([#661])
+
+### Fixed
+
+- **util**: Fix hang with `call_all` when the `Stream` of requests is pending
+  ([#656])
+- **ready_cache**: Ensure cancelation is observed by pending services ([#668],
+  fixes [#415])
+- **docs**: Fix a missing section header due to a typo ([#646])
+- **docs**: Fix broken links to `Service` trait ([#659])
+
+
+[#661]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/661
+[#656]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/656
+[#668]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/668
+[#415]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/415
+[#646]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/646
+[#659]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/659
+
+# 0.4.12 (February 16, 2022)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- **hedge**, **load**, **retry**: Fix use of `Instant` operations that can panic
+  on platforms where `Instant` is not monotonic ([#633])
+- Disable `attributes` feature on `tracing` dependency ([#623])
+- Remove unused dependencies and dependency features with some feature
+  combinations ([#603], [#602])
+- **docs**: Fix a typo in the RustDoc for `Buffer` ([#622])
+
+### Changed
+
+- Updated minimum supported Rust version (MSRV) to 1.49.0.
+- **hedge**: Updated `hdrhistogram` dependency to v7.0 ([#602])
+- Updated `tokio-util` dependency to v0.7 ([#638])
+
+[#633]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/633
+[#623]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/623
+[#603]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/603
+[#602]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/602
+[#622]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/622
+[#638]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/638
+
+# 0.4.11 (November 18, 2021)
+
+### Added
+
+- **util**: Add `BoxCloneService` which is a `Clone + Send` boxed `Service` ([#615])
+- **util**: Add `ServiceExt::boxed` and `ServiceExt::boxed_clone` for applying the
+  `BoxService` and `BoxCloneService` middleware ([#616])
+- **builder**: Add `ServiceBuilder::boxed` and `ServiceBuilder::boxed_clone` for
+  applying `BoxService` and `BoxCloneService` layers ([#616])
+
+### Fixed
+
+- **util**: Remove redundant `F: Clone` bound from `ServiceExt::map_request` ([#607])
+- **util**: Remove unnecessary `Debug` bounds from `impl Debug for BoxService` ([#617])
+- **util**: Remove unnecessary `Debug` bounds from `impl Debug for UnsyncBoxService` ([#617])
+- **balance**: Remove redundant `Req: Clone` bound from `Clone` impls
+  for `MakeBalance`, and `MakeBalanceLayer` ([#607])
+- **balance**: Remove redundant `Req: Debug` bound from `Debug` impls
+  for `MakeBalance`, `MakeFuture`, `Balance`, and `Pool` ([#607])
+- **ready-cache**: Remove redundant `Req: Debug` bound from `Debug` impl
+  for `ReadyCache` ([#607])
+- **steer**: Remove redundant `Req: Debug` bound from `Debug` impl
+  for `Steer` ([#607])
+- **docs**: Fix `doc(cfg(...))` attributes
+  of `PeakEwmaDiscover`, and `PendingRequestsDiscover` ([#610])
+
+[#607]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/607
+[#610]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/610
+[#615]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/615
+[#616]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/616
+[#617]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/617
+
+# 0.4.10 (October 19, 2021)
+
+- Fix accidental breaking change when using the
+  `rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links` lint ([#605])
+- Clarify that tower's minimum supported rust version is 1.46 ([#605])
+
+[#605]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/605
+
+# 0.4.9 (October 13, 2021)
+
+- Migrate to [pin-project-lite] ([#595])
+- **builder**: Implement `Layer` for `ServiceBuilder` ([#600])
+- **builder**: Add `ServiceBuilder::and_then` analogous to
+  `ServiceExt::and_then` ([#601])
+
+[#600]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/600
+[#601]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/601
+[#595]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/595
+[pin-project-lite]: https://crates.io/crates/pin-project-lite
+
+# 0.4.8 (May 28, 2021)
+
+- **builder**: Add `ServiceBuilder::map_result` analogous to
+  `ServiceExt::map_result` ([#583]) 
+- **limit**: Add `GlobalConcurrencyLimitLayer` to allow reusing a concurrency
+  limit across multiple services ([#574])
+
+[#574]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/574
+[#583]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/583
+
+# 0.4.7 (April 27, 2021)
+
+### Added
+
+- **builder**: Add `ServiceBuilder::check_service` to check the request,
+    response, and error types of the output service. ([#576])
+- **builder**: Add `ServiceBuilder::check_service_clone` to check the output
+    service can be cloned. ([#576])
+
+### Fixed
+
+- **spawn_ready**: Abort spawned background tasks when the `SpawnReady` service
+  is dropped, fixing a potential task/resource leak (#[581])
+- Fixed broken documentation links ([#578])
+
+[#576]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/576
+[#578]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/578
+[#581]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/581
+
+# 0.4.6 (February 26, 2021)
+
+### Deprecated
+
+- **util**: Deprecated `ServiceExt::ready_and` (renamed to `ServiceExt::ready`).
+  ([#567])
+- **util**: Deprecated `ReadyAnd` future (renamed to `Ready`). ([#567])
+### Added
+
+- **builder**: Add `ServiceBuilder::layer_fn` to add a layer built from a
+  function. ([#560])
+- **builder**: Add `ServiceBuilder::map_future` for transforming the futures
+  produced by a service. ([#559])
+- **builder**: Add `ServiceBuilder::service_fn` for applying `Layer`s to an
+  async function using `util::service_fn`. ([#564])
+- **util**: Add example for `service_fn`. ([#563])
+- **util**: Add `BoxLayer` for creating boxed `Layer` trait objects. ([#569])
+
+[#567]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/567
+[#560]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/560
+[#559]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/559
+[#564]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/564
+[#563]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/563
+[#569]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/569
+
+# 0.4.5 (February 10, 2021)
+
+### Added
+
+- **util**: Add `ServiceExt::map_future`. ([#542])
+- **builder**: Add `ServiceBuilder::option_layer` to optionally add a layer. ([#555])
+- **make**: Add `Shared` which lets you implement `MakeService` by cloning a
+  service. ([#533])
+
+### Fixed
+
+- **util**: Make combinators that contain closures implement `Debug`. They
+  previously wouldn't since closures never implement `Debug`. ([#552])
+- **steer**: Implement `Clone` for `Steer`. ([#554])
+- **spawn-ready**: SpawnReady now propagates the current `tracing` span to
+  spawned tasks ([#557])
+- Only pull in `tracing` for the features that need it. ([#551])
+
+[#542]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/542
+[#555]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/555
+[#557]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/557
+[#533]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/533
+[#551]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/551
+[#554]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/554
+[#552]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/552
+
+# 0.4.4 (January 20, 2021)
+
+### Added
+
+- **util**: Implement `Layer` for `Either<A, B>`. ([#531])
+- **util**: Implement `Clone` for `FilterLayer`. ([#535])
+- **timeout**: Implement `Clone` for `TimeoutLayer`. ([#535])
+- **limit**: Implement `Clone` for `RateLimitLayer`. ([#535])
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Added "full" feature which turns on all other features. ([#532])
+- **spawn-ready**: Avoid oneshot allocations. ([#538])
+
+[#531]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/531
+[#532]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/532
+[#535]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/535
+[#538]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/538
+
+# 0.4.3 (January 13, 2021)
+
+### Added
+
+- **filter**: `Filter::check` and `AsyncFilter::check` methods which check a
+  request against the filter's `Predicate` ([#521])
+- **filter**: Added `get_ref`, `get_mut`, and `into_inner` methods to `Filter`
+  and `AsyncFilter`, allowing access to the wrapped service ([#522])
+- **util**: Added `layer` associated function to `AndThen`, `Then`,
+  `MapRequest`, `MapResponse`, and `MapResult` types. These return a `Layer`
+  that produces middleware of that type, as a convenience to avoid having to
+  import the `Layer` type separately. ([#524])
+- **util**: Added missing `Clone` impls to `AndThenLayer`, `MapRequestLayer`,
+  and `MapErrLayer`, when the mapped function implements `Clone` ([#525])
+- **util**: Added `FutureService::new` constructor, with less restrictive bounds
+  than the `future_service` free function ([#523])
+
+[#521]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/521
+[#522]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/522
+[#523]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/523
+[#524]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/524
+[#525]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/525
+
+# 0.4.2 (January 11, 2021)
+
+### Added
+
+- Export `layer_fn` and `LayerFn` from the `tower::layer` module. ([#516])
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix missing `Sync` implementation for `Buffer` and `ConcurrencyLimit` ([#518])
+
+[#518]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/518
+[#516]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/516
+
+# 0.4.1 (January 7, 2021)
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Updated `tower-layer` to 0.3.1 to fix broken re-exports.
+
+# 0.4.0 (January 7, 2021)
+
+This is a major breaking release including a large number of changes. In
+particular, this release updates `tower` to depend on Tokio 1.0, and moves all
+middleware into the `tower` crate. In addition, Tower 0.4 reworks several
+middleware APIs, as well as introducing new ones. 
+
+This release does *not* change the core `Service` or `Layer` traits, so `tower`
+0.4 still depends on `tower-service` 0.3 and `tower-layer` 0.3. This means that
+`tower` 0.4 is still compatible with libraries that depend on those crates.
+
+### Added
+
+- **make**: Added `MakeService::into_service` and `MakeService::as_service` for
+  converting `MakeService`s into `Service`s ([#492])
+- **steer**: Added `steer` middleware for routing requests to one of a set of
+  services ([#426])
+- **util**: Added `MapRequest` middleware and `ServiceExt::map_request`, for
+  applying a function to a request before passing it to the inner service
+  ([#435])
+- **util**: Added `MapResponse` middleware and `ServiceExt::map_response`, for
+  applying a function to the `Response` type of an inner service after its
+  future completes ([#435])
+- **util**: Added `MapErr` middleware and `ServiceExt::map_err`, for
+  applying a function to the `Error` returned by an inner service if it fails
+  ([#396])
+- **util**: Added `MapResult` middleware and `ServiceExt::map_result`, for
+  applying a function to the `Result` returned by an inner service's future
+  regardless of  whether it succeeds or fails ([#499])
+- **util**: Added `Then` middleware and `ServiceExt::then`, for chaining another
+  future after an inner service's future completes (with a `Response` or an
+  `Error`) ([#500])
+- **util**: Added `AndThen` middleware and `ServiceExt::and_then`, for
+  chaining another future after an inner service's future completes successfully
+  ([#485])
+- **util**: Added `layer_fn`, for constructing a `Layer` from a function taking
+  a `Service` and returning a different `Service` ([#491])
+- **util**: Added `FutureService`, which implements `Service` for a
+  `Future` whose `Output` type is a `Service` ([#496])
+- **util**: Added `BoxService::layer` and `UnsyncBoxService::layer`, to make
+  constructing layers more ergonomic ([#503])
+- **layer**: Added `Layer` impl for `&Layer` ([#446])
+- **retry**: Added `Retry::get_ref`, `Retry::get_mut`, and `Retry::into_inner`
+  to access the inner service ([#463])
+- **timeout**: Added `Timeout::get_ref`, `Timeout::get_mut`, and
+  `Timeout::into_inner` to access the inner service ([#463])
+- **buffer**: Added `Clone` and `Copy` impls for `BufferLayer` (#[493])
+- Several documentation improvements ([#442], [#444], [#445], [#449], [#487],
+  [#490], [#506]])
+
+### Changed
+
+- All middleware `tower-*` crates were merged into `tower` and placed
+  behind feature flags ([#432])
+- Updated Tokio dependency to 1.0 ([#489])
+- **builder**: Make `ServiceBuilder::service` take `self` by reference rather
+  than by value ([#504])
+- **reconnect**: Return errors from `MakeService` in the response future, rather than
+  in `poll_ready`, allowing the reconnect service to be reused when a reconnect
+  fails ([#386], [#437])
+- **discover**: Changed `Discover` to be a sealed trait alias for a
+  `TryStream<Item = Change>`. `Discover` implementations are now written by
+  implementing `Stream`. ([#443])
+- **load**: Renamed the `Instrument` trait to `TrackCompletion` ([#445])
+- **load**: Renamed `NoInstrument` to `CompleteOnResponse` ([#445])
+- **balance**: Renamed `BalanceLayer` to `MakeBalanceLayer` ([#449])
+- **balance**: Renamed `BalanceMake` to `MakeBalance` ([#449])
+- **ready-cache**: Changed `ready_cache::error::Failed`'s `fmt::Debug` impl to
+  require the key type to also implement `fmt::Debug` ([#467])
+- **filter**: Changed `Filter` and `Predicate` to use a synchronous function as
+  a predicate ([#508])
+- **filter**: Renamed the previous `Filter` and `Predicate` (where `Predicate`s
+  returned a `Future`) to `AsyncFilter` and `AsyncPredicate` ([#508])
+- **filter**: `Predicate`s now take a `Request` type by value and may return a
+  new request, potentially of a different type ([#508])
+- **filter**: `Predicate`s may now return an error of any type ([#508])
+
+### Fixed
+
+- **limit**: Fixed an issue where `RateLimit` services do not reset the remaining
+  count when rate limiting ([#438], [#439])
+- **util**: Fixed a bug where `oneshot` futures panic if the service does not
+  immediately become ready ([#447])
+- **ready-cache**: Fixed `ready_cache::error::Failed` not returning inner error types
+  via `Error::source` ([#467])
+- **hedge**: Fixed an interaction with `buffer` where `buffer` slots were
+  eagerly reserved for hedge requests even if they were not sent ([#472])
+- **hedge**: Fixed the use of a fixed 10 second bound on the hedge latency
+  histogram resulting on errors with longer-lived requests. The latency
+  histogram now automatically resizes ([#484])
+- **buffer**: Fixed an issue where tasks waiting for buffer capacity were not
+  woken when a buffer is dropped, potentially resulting in a task leak ([#480])
+
+### Removed
+
+- Remove `ServiceExt::ready`.
+- **discover**: Removed `discover::stream` module, since `Discover` is now an
+  alias for `Stream` ([#443])
+- **buffer**: Removed `MakeBalance::from_rng`, which caused all balancers to use
+  the same RNG ([#497])
+
+[#432]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/432
+[#426]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/426
+[#435]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/435
+[#499]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/499
+[#386]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/386
+[#437]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/487
+[#438]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/438
+[#437]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/439
+[#443]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/443
+[#442]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/442
+[#444]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/444
+[#445]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/445
+[#446]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/446
+[#447]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/447
+[#449]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/449
+[#463]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/463
+[#396]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/396
+[#467]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/467
+[#472]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/472
+[#480]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/480
+[#484]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/484
+[#489]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/489
+[#497]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/497
+[#487]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/487
+[#493]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/493
+[#491]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/491
+[#495]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/495
+[#503]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/503
+[#504]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/504
+[#492]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/492
+[#500]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/500
+[#490]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/490
+[#506]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/506
+[#508]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/508
+[#485]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/pull/485
+
+# 0.3.1 (January 17, 2020)
+
+- Allow opting out of tracing/log (#410).
+
+# 0.3.0 (December 19, 2019)
+
+- Update all tower based crates to `0.3`.
+- Update to `tokio 0.2`
+- Update to `futures 0.3`
+
+# 0.3.0-alpha.2 (September 30, 2019)
+
+- Move to `futures-*-preview 0.3.0-alpha.19`
+- Move to `pin-project 0.4`
+
+# 0.3.0-alpha.1a (September 13, 2019)
+
+- Update `tower-buffer` to `0.3.0-alpha.1b`
+
+# 0.3.0-alpha.1 (September 11, 2019)
+
+- Move to `std::future`
+
+# 0.1.1 (July 19, 2019)
+
+- Add `ServiceBuilder::into_inner`
+
+# 0.1.0 (April 26, 2019)
+
+- Initial release
--- a/tower/tower/Cargo.toml
+++ b/tower/tower/Cargo.toml
@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+[package]
+name = "tower"
+# When releasing to crates.io:
+# - Update doc url
+#   - Cargo.toml
+#   - README.md
+# - Update CHANGELOG.md.
+# - Create "vX.X.X" git tag.
+version = "0.4.13"
+authors = ["Tower Maintainers <team@tower-rs.com>"]
+license = "MIT"
+readme = "README.md"
+repository = "https://github.com/tower-rs/tower"
+homepage = "https://github.com/tower-rs/tower"
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/tower/0.4.13"
+description = """
+Tower is a library of modular and reusable components for building robust
+clients and servers.
+"""
+categories = ["asynchronous", "network-programming"]
+keywords = ["io", "async", "non-blocking", "futures", "service"]
+edition = "2018"
+rust-version = "1.49.0"
+
+[features]
+default = ["log"]
+
+# Internal
+__common = ["futures-core", "pin-project-lite"]
+
+full = [
+  "balance",
+  "buffer",
+  "discover",
+  "filter",
+  "hedge",
+  "limit",
+  "load",
+  "load-shed",
+  "make",
+  "ready-cache",
+  "reconnect",
+  "retry",
+  "spawn-ready",
+  "steer",
+  "timeout",
+  "util",
+]
+# FIXME: Use weak dependency once available (https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/8832)
+log = ["tracing/log"]
+balance = ["discover", "load", "ready-cache", "make", "rand", "slab"]
+buffer = ["__common", "tokio/sync", "tokio/rt", "tokio-util", "tracing"]
+discover = ["__common"]
+filter = ["__common", "futures-util"]
+hedge = ["util", "filter", "futures-util", "hdrhistogram", "tokio/time", "tracing"]
+limit = ["__common", "tokio/time", "tokio/sync", "tokio-util", "tracing"]
+load = ["__common", "tokio/time", "tracing"]
+load-shed = ["__common"]
+make = ["futures-util", "pin-project-lite", "tokio/io-std"]
+ready-cache = ["futures-core", "futures-util", "indexmap", "tokio/sync", "tracing", "pin-project-lite"]
+reconnect = ["make", "tokio/io-std", "tracing"]
+retry = ["__common", "tokio/time"]
+spawn-ready = ["__common", "futures-util", "tokio/sync", "tokio/rt", "util", "tracing"]
+steer = []
+timeout = ["pin-project-lite", "tokio/time"]
+util = ["__common", "futures-util", "pin-project"]
+
+[dependencies]
+tower-layer = { version = "0.3.1", path = "../tower-layer" }
+tower-service = { version = "0.3.1", path = "../tower-service" }
+
+futures-core = { version = "0.3", optional = true }
+futures-util = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["alloc"], optional = true }
+hdrhistogram = { version = "7.0", optional = true, default-features = false }
+indexmap = { version = "1.0.2", optional = true }
+rand = { version = "0.8", features = ["small_rng"], optional = true }
+slab = { version = "0.4", optional = true }
+tokio = { version = "1.6", optional = true, features = ["sync"] }
+tokio-stream = { version = "0.1.0", optional = true }
+tokio-util = { version = "0.7.0", default-features = false, optional = true }
+tracing = { version = "0.1.2", default-features = false, features = ["std"], optional = true }
+pin-project = { version = "1", optional = true }
+pin-project-lite = { version = "0.2.7", optional = true }
+
+[dev-dependencies]
+futures = "0.3"
+hdrhistogram = { version = "7.0", default-features = false }
+pin-project-lite = "0.2.7"
+tokio = { version = "1.6.2", features = ["macros", "sync", "test-util", "rt-multi-thread"] }
+tokio-stream = "0.1"
+tokio-test = "0.4"
+tower-test = { version = "0.4", path = "../tower-test" }
+tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", default-features = false, features = ["fmt", "ansi"] }
+http = "0.2"
+lazy_static = "1.4.0"
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+all-features = true
+rustdoc-args = ["--cfg", "docsrs"]
+
+[package.metadata.playground]
+features = ["full"]
+
+[[example]]
+name = "tower-balance"
+path = "examples/tower-balance.rs"
+required-features = ["full"]
--- a/tower/tower/LICENSE
+++ b/tower/tower/LICENSE
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Copyright (c) 2019 Tower Contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
+person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
+Software without restriction, including without
+limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
+is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice
+shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
+of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
--- a/tower/tower/README.md
+++ b/tower/tower/README.md
@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+# Tower
+
+Tower is a library of modular and reusable components for building robust
+networking clients and servers.
+
+[![Crates.io][crates-badge]][crates-url]
+[![Documentation][docs-badge]][docs-url]
+[![Documentation (master)][docs-master-badge]][docs-master-url]
+[![MIT licensed][mit-badge]][mit-url]
+[![Build Status][actions-badge]][actions-url]
+[![Discord chat][discord-badge]][discord-url]
+
+[crates-badge]: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/tower.svg
+[crates-url]: https://crates.io/crates/tower
+[docs-badge]: https://docs.rs/tower/badge.svg
+[docs-url]: https://docs.rs/tower
+[docs-master-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-master-blue
+[docs-master-url]: https://tower-rs.github.io/tower/tower
+[mit-badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg
+[mit-url]: LICENSE
+[actions-badge]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/workflows/CI/badge.svg
+[actions-url]:https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/actions?query=workflow%3ACI
+[discord-badge]: https://img.shields.io/discord/500028886025895936?logo=discord&label=discord&logoColor=white
+[discord-url]: https://discord.gg/EeF3cQw
+## Overview
+
+Tower aims to make it as easy as possible to build robust networking clients and
+servers. It is protocol agnostic, but is designed around a request / response
+pattern. If your protocol is entirely stream based, Tower may not be a good fit.
+
+Tower provides a simple core abstraction, the [`Service`] trait, which
+represents an asynchronous function taking a request and returning either a
+response or an error. This abstraction can be used to model both clients and
+servers.
+
+Generic components, like [timeouts], [rate limiting], and [load balancing],
+can be modeled as [`Service`]s that wrap some inner service and apply
+additional behavior before or after the inner service is called. This allows
+implementing these components in a protocol-agnostic, composable way. Typically,
+such services are referred to as _middleware_.
+
+An additional abstraction, the [`Layer`] trait, is used to compose
+middleware with [`Service`]s. If a [`Service`] can be thought of as an
+asynchronous function from a request type to a response type, a [`Layer`] is
+a function taking a [`Service`] of one type and returning a [`Service`] of a
+different type. The [`ServiceBuilder`] type is used to add middleware to a
+service by composing it with multiple multiple [`Layer`]s.
+
+### The Tower Ecosystem
+
+Tower is made up of the following crates:
+
+* [`tower`] (this crate)
+* [`tower-service`]
+* [`tower-layer`]
+* [`tower-test`]
+
+Since the [`Service`] and [`Layer`] traits are important integration points
+for all libraries using Tower, they are kept as stable as possible, and
+breaking changes are made rarely. Therefore, they are defined in separate
+crates, [`tower-service`] and [`tower-layer`]. This crate contains
+re-exports of those core traits, implementations of commonly-used
+middleware, and [utilities] for working with [`Service`]s and [`Layer`]s.
+Finally, the [`tower-test`] crate provides tools for testing programs using
+Tower.
+
+## Usage
+
+Tower provides an abstraction layer, and generic implementations of various
+middleware. This means that the `tower` crate on its own does *not* provide
+a working implementation of a network client or server. Instead, Tower's
+[`Service` trait][`Service`] provides an integration point between
+application code, libraries providing middleware implementations, and
+libraries that implement servers and/or clients for various network
+protocols.
+
+Depending on your particular use case, you might use Tower in several ways: 
+
+* **Implementing application logic** for a networked program. You might
+  use the [`Service`] trait to model your application's behavior, and use
+  the middleware [provided by this crate][all_layers] and by other libraries
+  to add functionality to clients and servers provided by one or more
+  protocol implementations.
+* **Implementing middleware** to add custom behavior to network clients and
+  servers in a reusable manner. This might be general-purpose middleware
+  (and if it is, please consider releasing your middleware as a library for
+  other Tower users!) or application-specific behavior that needs to be
+  shared between multiple clients or servers.
+* **Implementing a network protocol**. Libraries that implement network
+  protocols (such as HTTP) can depend on `tower-service` to use the
+  [`Service`] trait as an integration point between the protocol and user
+  code. For example, a client for some protocol might implement [`Service`],
+  allowing users to add arbitrary Tower middleware to those clients.
+  Similarly, a server might be created from a user-provided [`Service`].
+
+  Additionally, when a network protocol requires functionality already
+  provided by existing Tower middleware, a protocol implementation might use
+  Tower middleware internally, as well as as an integration point.
+
+### Library Support
+
+A number of third-party libraries support Tower and the [`Service`] trait.
+The following is an incomplete list of such libraries:
+
+* [`hyper`]: A fast and correct low-level HTTP implementation.
+* [`tonic`]: A [gRPC-over-HTTP/2][grpc] implementation built on top of
+  [`hyper`]. See [here][tonic-examples] for examples of using [`tonic`] with
+  Tower.
+* [`warp`]: A lightweight, composable web framework. See
+  [here][warp-service] for details on using [`warp`] with Tower.
+* [`tower-lsp`] and its fork, [`lspower`]: implementations of the [Language
+  Server Protocol][lsp] based on Tower.
+* [`kube`]: Kubernetes client and futures controller runtime. [`kube::Client`]
+  makes use of the Tower ecosystem: [`tower`], [`tower-http`], and
+  [`tower-test`]. See [here][kube-example-minimal] and
+  [here][kube-example-trace] for examples of using [`kube`] with Tower.
+
+[`hyper`]: https://crates.io/crates/hyper
+[`tonic`]: https://crates.io/crates/tonic
+[tonic-examples]: https://github.com/hyperium/tonic/tree/master/examples/src/tower
+[grpc]: https://grpc.io
+[`warp`]: https://crates.io/crates/warp
+[warp-service]: https://docs.rs/warp/0.2.5/warp/fn.service.html
+[`tower-lsp`]: https://crates.io/crates/tower-lsp
+[`lspower`]: https://crates.io/crates/lspower
+[lsp]: https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/
+[`kube`]: https://crates.io/crates/kube
+[`kube::Client`]: https://docs.rs/kube/latest/kube/struct.Client.html
+[kube-example-minimal]: https://github.com/clux/kube-rs/blob/master/examples/custom_client.rs
+[kube-example-trace]: https://github.com/clux/kube-rs/blob/master/examples/custom_client_trace.rs
+[`tower-http`]: https://crates.io/crates/tower-http
+
+If you're the maintainer of a crate that supports Tower, we'd love to add
+your crate to this list! Please [open a PR] adding a brief description of
+your library!
+
+### Getting Started
+
+The various middleware implementations provided by this crate are feature
+flagged, so that users can only compile the parts of Tower they need. By
+default, all the optional middleware are disabled.
+
+To get started using all of Tower's optional middleware, add this to your
+`Cargo.toml`:
+
+```toml
+tower = { version = "0.4", features = ["full"] }
+```
+
+Alternatively, you can only enable some features. For example, to enable
+only the [`retry`] and [`timeout`][timeouts] middleware, write:
+
+```toml
+tower = { version = "0.4", features = ["retry", "timeout"] }
+```
+
+See [here][all_layers] for a complete list of all middleware provided by
+Tower.
+
+[`Service`]: https://docs.rs/tower/latest/tower/trait.Service.html
+[`Layer`]: https://docs.rs/tower/latest/tower/trait.Layer.html
+[all_layers]: https://docs.rs/tower/latest/tower/#modules
+[timeouts]: https://docs.rs/tower/latest/tower/timeout/
+[rate limiting]: https://docs.rs/tower/latest/tower/limit/rate
+[load balancing]: https://docs.rs/tower/latest/tower/balance/
+[`ServiceBuilder`]: https://docs.rs/tower/latest/tower/struct.ServiceBuilder.html
+[utilities]: https://docs.rs/tower/latest/tower/trait.ServiceExt.html
+[`tower`]: https://crates.io/crates/tower
+[`tower-service`]: https://crates.io/crates/tower-service
+[`tower-layer`]: https://crates.io/crates/tower-layer
+[`tower-test`]: https://crates.io/crates/tower-test
+[`retry`]: https://docs.rs/tower/latest/tower/retry
+[open a PR]: https://github.com/tower-rs/tower/compare
+
+
+## Supported Rust Versions
+
+Tower will keep a rolling MSRV (minimum supported Rust version) policy of **at
+least** 6 months. When increasing the MSRV, the new Rust version must have been
+released at least six months ago. The current MSRV is 1.49.0.
+
+## License
+
+This project is licensed under the [MIT license](LICENSE).
+
+### Contribution
+
+Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
+for inclusion in Tower by you, shall be licensed as MIT, without any additional
+terms or conditions.
--- a/tower/tower/src/balance/error.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/balance/error.rs
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+//! Error types for the [`tower::balance`] middleware.
+//!
+//! [`tower::balance`]: crate::balance
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// The balancer's endpoint discovery stream failed.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Discover(pub(crate) crate::BoxError);
+
+impl fmt::Display for Discover {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "load balancer discovery error: {}", self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for Discover {
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn std::error::Error + 'static)> {
+        Some(&*self.0)
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/balance/mod.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/balance/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+//! Middleware that allows balancing load among multiple services.
+//!
+//! In larger systems, multiple endpoints are often available for a given service. As load
+//! increases, you want to ensure that that load is spread evenly across the available services.
+//! Otherwise, clients could see spikes in latency if their request goes to a particularly loaded
+//! service, even when spare capacity is available to handle that request elsewhere.
+//!
+//! This module provides two pieces of middleware that helps with this type of load balancing:
+//!
+//! First, [`p2c`] implements the "[Power of Two Random Choices]" algorithm, a simple but robust
+//! technique for spreading load across services with only inexact load measurements. Use this if
+//! the set of available services is not within your control, and you simply want to spread load
+//! among that set of services.
+//!
+//! [Power of Two Random Choices]: http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~michaelm/postscripts/handbook2001.pdf
+//!
+//! Second, [`pool`] implements a dynamically sized pool of services. It estimates the overall
+//! current load by tracking successful and unsuccessful calls to [`poll_ready`], and uses an
+//! exponentially weighted moving average to add (using [`MakeService`]) or remove (by dropping)
+//! services in response to increases or decreases in load. Use this if you are able to
+//! dynamically add more service endpoints to the system to handle added load.
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+//! # #[cfg(feature = "load")]
+//! # fn warnings_are_errors() {
+//! use tower::balance::p2c::Balance;
+//! use tower::load::Load;
+//! use tower::{Service, ServiceExt};
+//! use futures_util::pin_mut;
+//! # use futures_core::Stream;
+//! # use futures_util::StreamExt;
+//!
+//! async fn spread<Req, S: Service<Req> + Load>(svc1: S, svc2: S, reqs: impl Stream<Item = Req>)
+//! where
+//!     S::Error: Into<tower::BoxError>,
+//! # // this bound is pretty unfortunate, and the compiler does _not_ help
+//!     S::Metric: std::fmt::Debug,
+//! {
+//!     // Spread load evenly across the two services
+//!     let p2c = Balance::new(tower::discover::ServiceList::new(vec![svc1, svc2]));
+//!
+//!     // Issue all the requests that come in.
+//!     // Some will go to svc1, some will go to svc2.
+//!     pin_mut!(reqs);
+//!     let mut responses = p2c.call_all(reqs);
+//!     while let Some(rsp) = responses.next().await {
+//!         // ...
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! # }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! [`MakeService`]: crate::MakeService
+//! [`poll_ready`]: crate::Service::poll_ready
+
+pub mod error;
+pub mod p2c;
+pub mod pool;
--- a/tower/tower/src/balance/p2c/layer.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/balance/p2c/layer.rs
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use super::MakeBalance;
+use std::{fmt, marker::PhantomData};
+use tower_layer::Layer;
+
+/// Construct load balancers ([`Balance`]) over dynamic service sets ([`Discover`]) produced by the
+/// "inner" service in response to requests coming from the "outer" service.
+///
+/// This construction may seem a little odd at first glance. This is not a layer that takes
+/// requests and produces responses in the traditional sense. Instead, it is more like
+/// [`MakeService`] in that it takes service _descriptors_ (see `Target` on [`MakeService`])
+/// and produces _services_. Since [`Balance`] spreads requests across a _set_ of services,
+/// the inner service should produce a [`Discover`], not just a single
+/// [`Service`], given a service descriptor.
+///
+/// See the [module-level documentation](crate::balance) for details on load balancing.
+///
+/// [`Balance`]: crate::balance::p2c::Balance
+/// [`Discover`]: crate::discover::Discover
+/// [`MakeService`]: crate::MakeService
+/// [`Service`]: crate::Service
+pub struct MakeBalanceLayer<D, Req> {
+    _marker: PhantomData<fn(D, Req)>,
+}
+
+impl<D, Req> MakeBalanceLayer<D, Req> {
+    /// Build balancers using operating system entropy.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D, Req> Default for MakeBalanceLayer<D, Req> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D, Req> Clone for MakeBalanceLayer<D, Req> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, Req> Layer<S> for MakeBalanceLayer<S, Req> {
+    type Service = MakeBalance<S, Req>;
+
+    fn layer(&self, make_discover: S) -> Self::Service {
+        MakeBalance::new(make_discover)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D, Req> fmt::Debug for MakeBalanceLayer<D, Req> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("MakeBalanceLayer").finish()
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/balance/p2c/make.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/balance/p2c/make.rs
@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+use super::Balance;
+use crate::discover::Discover;
+use futures_core::ready;
+use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::{
+    fmt,
+    future::Future,
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+use tower_service::Service;
+
+/// Constructs load balancers over dynamic service sets produced by a wrapped "inner" service.
+///
+/// This is effectively an implementation of [`MakeService`] except that it forwards the service
+/// descriptors (`Target`) to an inner service (`S`), and expects that service to produce a
+/// service set in the form of a [`Discover`]. It then wraps the service set in a [`Balance`]
+/// before returning it as the "made" service.
+///
+/// See the [module-level documentation](crate::balance) for details on load balancing.
+///
+/// [`MakeService`]: crate::MakeService
+/// [`Discover`]: crate::discover::Discover
+/// [`Balance`]: crate::balance::p2c::Balance
+pub struct MakeBalance<S, Req> {
+    inner: S,
+    _marker: PhantomData<fn(Req)>,
+}
+
+pin_project! {
+    /// A [`Balance`] in the making.
+    ///
+    /// [`Balance`]: crate::balance::p2c::Balance
+    pub struct MakeFuture<F, Req> {
+        #[pin]
+        inner: F,
+        _marker: PhantomData<fn(Req)>,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, Req> MakeBalance<S, Req> {
+    /// Build balancers using operating system entropy.
+    pub fn new(make_discover: S) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: make_discover,
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, Req> Clone for MakeBalance<S, Req>
+where
+    S: Clone,
+{
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: self.inner.clone(),
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, Target, Req> Service<Target> for MakeBalance<S, Req>
+where
+    S: Service<Target>,
+    S::Response: Discover,
+    <S::Response as Discover>::Key: Hash,
+    <S::Response as Discover>::Service: Service<Req>,
+    <<S::Response as Discover>::Service as Service<Req>>::Error: Into<crate::BoxError>,
+{
+    type Response = Balance<S::Response, Req>;
+    type Error = S::Error;
+    type Future = MakeFuture<S::Future, Req>;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.inner.poll_ready(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, target: Target) -> Self::Future {
+        MakeFuture {
+            inner: self.inner.call(target),
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, Req> fmt::Debug for MakeBalance<S, Req>
+where
+    S: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let Self { inner, _marker } = self;
+        f.debug_struct("MakeBalance").field("inner", inner).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F, T, E, Req> Future for MakeFuture<F, Req>
+where
+    F: Future<Output = Result<T, E>>,
+    T: Discover,
+    <T as Discover>::Key: Hash,
+    <T as Discover>::Service: Service<Req>,
+    <<T as Discover>::Service as Service<Req>>::Error: Into<crate::BoxError>,
+{
+    type Output = Result<Balance<T, Req>, E>;
+
+    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        let this = self.project();
+        let inner = ready!(this.inner.poll(cx))?;
+        let svc = Balance::new(inner);
+        Poll::Ready(Ok(svc))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F, Req> fmt::Debug for MakeFuture<F, Req>
+where
+    F: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let Self { inner, _marker } = self;
+        f.debug_struct("MakeFuture").field("inner", inner).finish()
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/balance/p2c/mod.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/balance/p2c/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+//! This module implements the "[Power of Two Random Choices]" load balancing algorithm.
+//!
+//! It is a simple but robust technique for spreading load across services with only inexact load
+//! measurements. As its name implies, whenever a request comes in, it samples two ready services
+//! at random, and issues the request to whichever service is less loaded. How loaded a service is
+//! is determined by the return value of [`Load`](crate::load::Load).
+//!
+//! As described in the [Finagle Guide][finagle]:
+//!
+//! > The algorithm randomly picks two services from the set of ready endpoints and
+//! > selects the least loaded of the two. By repeatedly using this strategy, we can
+//! > expect a manageable upper bound on the maximum load of any server.
+//! >
+//! > The maximum load variance between any two servers is bound by `ln(ln(n))` where
+//! > `n` is the number of servers in the cluster.
+//!
+//! The balance service and layer implementations rely on _service discovery_ to provide the
+//! underlying set of services to balance requests across. This happens through the
+//! [`Discover`](crate::discover::Discover) trait, which is essentially a [`Stream`] that indicates
+//! when services become available or go away. If you have a fixed set of services, consider using
+//! [`ServiceList`](crate::discover::ServiceList).
+//!
+//! Since the load balancer needs to perform _random_ choices, the constructors in this module
+//! usually come in two forms: one that uses randomness provided by the operating system, and one
+//! that lets you specify the random seed to use. Usually the former is what you'll want, though
+//! the latter may come in handy for reproducability or to reduce reliance on the operating system.
+//!
+//! [Power of Two Random Choices]: http://www.eecs.harvard.edu/~michaelm/postscripts/handbook2001.pdf
+//! [finagle]: https://twitter.github.io/finagle/guide/Clients.html#power-of-two-choices-p2c-least-loaded
+//! [`Stream`]: https://docs.rs/futures/0.3/futures/stream/trait.Stream.html
+
+mod layer;
+mod make;
+mod service;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test;
+
+pub use layer::MakeBalanceLayer;
+pub use make::{MakeBalance, MakeFuture};
+pub use service::Balance;
--- a/tower/tower/src/balance/p2c/service.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/balance/p2c/service.rs
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+use super::super::error;
+use crate::discover::{Change, Discover};
+use crate::load::Load;
+use futures_core::ready;
+use futures_util::future::{self, TryFutureExt};
+use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+use rand::{rngs::SmallRng, Rng, SeedableRng};
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::{
+    fmt,
+    future::Future,
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+use tokio::sync::oneshot;
+use tower_service::Service;
+use tracing::{debug, trace};
+
+pub struct Balance<D, Req> {
+    _req: PhantomData<(D, Req)>,
+}
+
+impl<D, Req> Balance<D, Req>
+where
+    D: Discover,
+    D::Service: Service<Req>,
+    <D::Service as Service<Req>>::Error: Into<crate::BoxError>,
+{
+    pub fn new(discover: D) -> Self {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<D, Req> Service<Req> for Balance<D, Req>
+where
+    D: Discover + Unpin,
+    D::Key: Hash + Clone,
+    D::Error: Into<crate::BoxError>,
+    D::Service: Service<Req> + Load,
+    <D::Service as Load>::Metric: std::fmt::Debug,
+    <D::Service as Service<Req>>::Error: Into<crate::BoxError>,
+{
+    type Response = <D::Service as Service<Req>>::Response;
+    type Error = crate::BoxError;
+    type Future = future::MapErr<
+        <D::Service as Service<Req>>::Future,
+        fn(<D::Service as Service<Req>>::Error) -> crate::BoxError,
+    >;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, request: Req) -> Self::Future {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/balance/p2c/test.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/balance/p2c/test.rs
@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+use crate::discover::ServiceList;
+use crate::load;
+use futures_util::pin_mut;
+use std::task::Poll;
+use tokio_test::{assert_pending, assert_ready, assert_ready_ok, task};
+use tower_test::{assert_request_eq, mock};
+
+use super::*;
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn empty() {
+    let empty: Vec<load::Constant<mock::Mock<(), &'static str>, usize>> = vec![];
+    let disco = ServiceList::new(empty);
+    let mut svc = mock::Spawn::new(Balance::new(disco));
+    assert_pending!(svc.poll_ready());
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn single_endpoint() {
+    let (mut svc, mut handle) = mock::spawn_with(|s| {
+        let mock = load::Constant::new(s, 0);
+        let disco = ServiceList::new(vec![mock].into_iter());
+        Balance::new(disco)
+    });
+
+    handle.allow(0);
+    assert_pending!(svc.poll_ready());
+    assert_eq!(
+        svc.get_ref().len(),
+        1,
+        "balancer must have discovered endpoint"
+    );
+
+    handle.allow(1);
+    assert_ready_ok!(svc.poll_ready());
+
+    let mut fut = task::spawn(svc.call(()));
+
+    assert_request_eq!(handle, ()).send_response(1);
+
+    assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.poll()), 1);
+    handle.allow(1);
+    assert_ready_ok!(svc.poll_ready());
+
+    handle.send_error("endpoint lost");
+    assert_pending!(svc.poll_ready());
+    assert!(
+        svc.get_ref().is_empty(),
+        "balancer must drop failed endpoints"
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn two_endpoints_with_equal_load() {
+    let (mock_a, handle_a) = mock::pair();
+    let (mock_b, handle_b) = mock::pair();
+    let mock_a = load::Constant::new(mock_a, 1);
+    let mock_b = load::Constant::new(mock_b, 1);
+
+    pin_mut!(handle_a);
+    pin_mut!(handle_b);
+
+    let disco = ServiceList::new(vec![mock_a, mock_b].into_iter());
+    let mut svc = mock::Spawn::new(Balance::new(disco));
+
+    handle_a.allow(0);
+    handle_b.allow(0);
+    assert_pending!(svc.poll_ready());
+    assert_eq!(
+        svc.get_ref().len(),
+        2,
+        "balancer must have discovered both endpoints"
+    );
+
+    handle_a.allow(1);
+    handle_b.allow(0);
+    assert_ready_ok!(
+        svc.poll_ready(),
+        "must be ready when one of two services is ready"
+    );
+    {
+        let mut fut = task::spawn(svc.call(()));
+        assert_request_eq!(handle_a, ()).send_response("a");
+        assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.poll()), "a");
+    }
+
+    handle_a.allow(0);
+    handle_b.allow(1);
+    assert_ready_ok!(
+        svc.poll_ready(),
+        "must be ready when both endpoints are ready"
+    );
+    {
+        let mut fut = task::spawn(svc.call(()));
+        assert_request_eq!(handle_b, ()).send_response("b");
+        assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.poll()), "b");
+    }
+
+    handle_a.allow(1);
+    handle_b.allow(1);
+    for _ in 0..2 {
+        assert_ready_ok!(
+            svc.poll_ready(),
+            "must be ready when both endpoints are ready"
+        );
+        let mut fut = task::spawn(svc.call(()));
+
+        for (ref mut h, c) in &mut [(&mut handle_a, "a"), (&mut handle_b, "b")] {
+            if let Poll::Ready(Some((_, tx))) = h.as_mut().poll_request() {
+                tracing::info!("using {}", c);
+                tx.send_response(c);
+                h.allow(0);
+            }
+        }
+        assert_ready_ok!(fut.poll());
+    }
+
+    handle_a.send_error("endpoint lost");
+    assert_pending!(svc.poll_ready());
+    assert_eq!(
+        svc.get_ref().len(),
+        1,
+        "balancer must drop failed endpoints",
+    );
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/balance/pool/mod.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/balance/pool/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+//! This module defines a load-balanced pool of services that adds new services when load is high.
+//!
+//! The pool uses `poll_ready` as a signal indicating whether additional services should be spawned
+//! to handle the current level of load. Specifically, every time `poll_ready` on the inner service
+//! returns `Ready`, [`Pool`] consider that a 0, and every time it returns `Pending`, [`Pool`]
+//! considers it a 1. [`Pool`] then maintains an [exponential moving
+//! average](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_average#Exponential_moving_average) over those
+//! samples, which gives an estimate of how often the underlying service has been ready when it was
+//! needed "recently" (see [`Builder::urgency`]). If the service is loaded (see
+//! [`Builder::loaded_above`]), a new service is created and added to the underlying [`Balance`].
+//! If the service is underutilized (see [`Builder::underutilized_below`]) and there are two or
+//! more services, then the latest added service is removed. In either case, the load estimate is
+//! reset to its initial value (see [`Builder::initial`] to prevent services from being rapidly
+//! added or removed.
+#![deny(missing_docs)]
+
+use super::p2c::Balance;
+use crate::discover::Change;
+use crate::load::Load;
+use crate::make::MakeService;
+use futures_core::{ready, Stream};
+use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+use slab::Slab;
+use std::{
+    fmt,
+    future::Future,
+    marker::PhantomData,
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+use tower_service::Service;
+
+/// A wrapper around `MakeService` that discovers a new service when load is high, and removes a
+/// service when load is low. See [`Pool`].
+pub struct PoolDiscoverer<MS, Target, Request>
+where
+    MS: MakeService<Target, Request>,
+{
+    _p: PhantomData<(MS, Target, Request)>,
+}
+
+impl<MS, Target, Request> Stream for PoolDiscoverer<MS, Target, Request>
+where
+    MS: MakeService<Target, Request>,
+{
+    type Item = Result<(Change<usize, DropNotifyService<MS::Service>>), MS::MakeError>;
+
+    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A [builder] that lets you configure how a [`Pool`] determines whether the underlying service is
+/// loaded or not. See the [module-level documentation](self) and the builder's methods for
+/// details.
+///
+///  [builder]: https://rust-lang-nursery.github.io/api-guidelines/type-safety.html#builders-enable-construction-of-complex-values-c-builder
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Builder {}
+
+impl Builder {
+    /// See [`Pool::new`].
+    pub fn build<MS, Target, Request>() -> ()
+    where
+        MS: MakeService<Target, Request>,
+        MS::Service: Load,
+        <MS::Service as Load>::Metric: std::fmt::Debug,
+        MS::MakeError: Into<crate::BoxError>,
+        MS::Error: Into<crate::BoxError>,
+    {
+        let d: PoolDiscoverer<MS, Target, Request> = todo!();
+
+        let x = Balance::new(Box::pin(d));
+
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A dynamically sized, load-balanced pool of `Service` instances.
+pub struct Pool<MS, Target, Request> {
+    // the Pin<Box<_>> here is needed since Balance requires the Service to be Unpin
+    balance: (MS, Target, Request),
+}
+
+type PinBalance<S, Request> = Balance<Pin<Box<S>>, Request>;
+
+impl<MS, Target, Req> Service<Req> for Pool<MS, Target, Req>
+where
+    MS: MakeService<Target, Req>,
+    MS::Service: Load,
+    <MS::Service as Load>::Metric: std::fmt::Debug,
+    MS::MakeError: Into<crate::BoxError>,
+    MS::Error: Into<crate::BoxError>,
+    Target: Clone,
+{
+    type Response = <PinBalance<PoolDiscoverer<MS, Target, Req>, Req> as Service<Req>>::Response;
+    type Error = <PinBalance<PoolDiscoverer<MS, Target, Req>, Req> as Service<Req>>::Error;
+    type Future = <PinBalance<PoolDiscoverer<MS, Target, Req>, Req> as Service<Req>>::Future;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, req: Req) -> Self::Future {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct DropNotifyService<Svc> {
+    svc: Svc,
+    id: usize,
+    notify: tokio::sync::mpsc::UnboundedSender<usize>,
+}
+
+impl<Svc> Drop for DropNotifyService<Svc> {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Svc: Load> Load for DropNotifyService<Svc> {
+    type Metric = Svc::Metric;
+    fn load(&self) -> Self::Metric {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Request, Svc: Service<Request>> Service<Request> for DropNotifyService<Svc> {
+    type Response = Svc::Response;
+    type Future = Svc::Future;
+    type Error = Svc::Error;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, req: Request) -> Self::Future {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/balance/pool/test.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/balance/pool/test.rs
@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+use crate::load;
+use futures_util::pin_mut;
+use tokio_test::{assert_pending, assert_ready, assert_ready_ok, task};
+use tower_test::{assert_request_eq, mock};
+
+use super::*;
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn basic() {
+    // start the pool
+    let (mock, handle) = mock::pair::<(), load::Constant<mock::Mock<(), &'static str>, usize>>();
+    pin_mut!(handle);
+
+    let mut pool = mock::Spawn::new(Builder::new().build(mock, ()));
+    assert_pending!(pool.poll_ready());
+
+    // give the pool a backing service
+    let (svc1_m, svc1) = mock::pair();
+    pin_mut!(svc1);
+
+    assert_request_eq!(handle, ()).send_response(load::Constant::new(svc1_m, 0));
+    assert_ready_ok!(pool.poll_ready());
+
+    // send a request to the one backing service
+    let mut fut = task::spawn(pool.call(()));
+
+    assert_pending!(fut.poll());
+    assert_request_eq!(svc1, ()).send_response("foobar");
+    assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.poll()), "foobar");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn high_load() {
+    // start the pool
+    let (mock, handle) = mock::pair::<(), load::Constant<mock::Mock<(), &'static str>, usize>>();
+    pin_mut!(handle);
+
+    let pool = Builder::new()
+        .urgency(1.0) // so _any_ Pending will add a service
+        .underutilized_below(0.0) // so no Ready will remove a service
+        .max_services(Some(2))
+        .build(mock, ());
+    let mut pool = mock::Spawn::new(pool);
+    assert_pending!(pool.poll_ready());
+
+    // give the pool a backing service
+    let (svc1_m, svc1) = mock::pair();
+    pin_mut!(svc1);
+
+    svc1.allow(1);
+    assert_request_eq!(handle, ()).send_response(load::Constant::new(svc1_m, 0));
+    assert_ready_ok!(pool.poll_ready());
+
+    // make the one backing service not ready
+    let mut fut1 = task::spawn(pool.call(()));
+
+    // if we poll_ready again, pool should notice that load is increasing
+    // since urgency == 1.0, it should immediately enter high load
+    assert_pending!(pool.poll_ready());
+    // it should ask the maker for another service, so we give it one
+    let (svc2_m, svc2) = mock::pair();
+    pin_mut!(svc2);
+
+    svc2.allow(1);
+    assert_request_eq!(handle, ()).send_response(load::Constant::new(svc2_m, 0));
+
+    // the pool should now be ready again for one more request
+    assert_ready_ok!(pool.poll_ready());
+    let mut fut2 = task::spawn(pool.call(()));
+
+    assert_pending!(pool.poll_ready());
+
+    // the pool should _not_ try to add another service
+    // sicen we have max_services(2)
+    assert_pending!(handle.as_mut().poll_request());
+
+    // let see that each service got one request
+    assert_request_eq!(svc1, ()).send_response("foo");
+    assert_request_eq!(svc2, ()).send_response("bar");
+    assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut1.poll()), "foo");
+    assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut2.poll()), "bar");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn low_load() {
+    // start the pool
+    let (mock, handle) = mock::pair::<(), load::Constant<mock::Mock<(), &'static str>, usize>>();
+    pin_mut!(handle);
+
+    let pool = Builder::new()
+        .urgency(1.0) // so any event will change the service count
+        .build(mock, ());
+
+    let mut pool = mock::Spawn::new(pool);
+
+    assert_pending!(pool.poll_ready());
+
+    // give the pool a backing service
+    let (svc1_m, svc1) = mock::pair();
+    pin_mut!(svc1);
+
+    svc1.allow(1);
+    assert_request_eq!(handle, ()).send_response(load::Constant::new(svc1_m, 0));
+    assert_ready_ok!(pool.poll_ready());
+
+    // cycling a request should now work
+    let mut fut = task::spawn(pool.call(()));
+
+    assert_request_eq!(svc1, ()).send_response("foo");
+    assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.poll()), "foo");
+    // and pool should now not be ready (since svc1 isn't ready)
+    // it should immediately try to add another service
+    // which we give it
+    assert_pending!(pool.poll_ready());
+    let (svc2_m, svc2) = mock::pair();
+    pin_mut!(svc2);
+
+    svc2.allow(1);
+    assert_request_eq!(handle, ()).send_response(load::Constant::new(svc2_m, 0));
+    // pool is now ready
+    // which (because of urgency == 1.0) should immediately cause it to drop a service
+    // it'll drop svc1, so it'll still be ready
+    assert_ready_ok!(pool.poll_ready());
+    // and even with another ready, it won't drop svc2 since its now the only service
+    assert_ready_ok!(pool.poll_ready());
+
+    // cycling a request should now work on svc2
+    let mut fut = task::spawn(pool.call(()));
+
+    assert_request_eq!(svc2, ()).send_response("foo");
+    assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.poll()), "foo");
+
+    // and again (still svc2)
+    svc2.allow(1);
+    assert_ready_ok!(pool.poll_ready());
+    let mut fut = task::spawn(pool.call(()));
+
+    assert_request_eq!(svc2, ()).send_response("foo");
+    assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.poll()), "foo");
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn failing_service() {
+    // start the pool
+    let (mock, handle) = mock::pair::<(), load::Constant<mock::Mock<(), &'static str>, usize>>();
+    pin_mut!(handle);
+
+    let pool = Builder::new()
+        .urgency(1.0) // so _any_ Pending will add a service
+        .underutilized_below(0.0) // so no Ready will remove a service
+        .build(mock, ());
+
+    let mut pool = mock::Spawn::new(pool);
+
+    assert_pending!(pool.poll_ready());
+
+    // give the pool a backing service
+    let (svc1_m, svc1) = mock::pair();
+    pin_mut!(svc1);
+
+    svc1.allow(1);
+    assert_request_eq!(handle, ()).send_response(load::Constant::new(svc1_m, 0));
+    assert_ready_ok!(pool.poll_ready());
+
+    // one request-response cycle
+    let mut fut = task::spawn(pool.call(()));
+
+    assert_request_eq!(svc1, ()).send_response("foo");
+    assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.poll()), "foo");
+
+    // now make svc1 fail, so it has to be removed
+    svc1.send_error("ouch");
+    // polling now should recognize the failed service,
+    // try to create a new one, and then realize the maker isn't ready
+    assert_pending!(pool.poll_ready());
+    // then we release another service
+    let (svc2_m, svc2) = mock::pair();
+    pin_mut!(svc2);
+
+    svc2.allow(1);
+    assert_request_eq!(handle, ()).send_response(load::Constant::new(svc2_m, 0));
+
+    // the pool should now be ready again
+    assert_ready_ok!(pool.poll_ready());
+    // and a cycle should work (and go through svc2)
+    let mut fut = task::spawn(pool.call(()));
+
+    assert_request_eq!(svc2, ()).send_response("bar");
+    assert_eq!(assert_ready_ok!(fut.poll()), "bar");
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/builder.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/builder.rs
@ -0,0 +1,828 @@
+//! Builder types to compose layers and services
+
+use tower_layer::{Identity, Layer, Stack};
+use tower_service::Service;
+
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// Declaratively construct [`Service`] values.
+///
+/// [`ServiceBuilder`] provides a [builder-like interface][builder] for composing
+/// layers to be applied to a [`Service`].
+///
+/// # Service
+///
+/// A [`Service`] is a trait representing an asynchronous function of a request
+/// to a response. It is similar to `async fn(Request) -> Result<Response, Error>`.
+///
+/// A [`Service`] is typically bound to a single transport, such as a TCP
+/// connection.  It defines how _all_ inbound or outbound requests are handled
+/// by that connection.
+///
+/// [builder]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.0.0/style/ownership/builders.html
+///
+/// # Order
+///
+/// The order in which layers are added impacts how requests are handled. Layers
+/// that are added first will be called with the request first. The argument to
+/// `service` will be last to see the request.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # // this (and other) doctest is ignored because we don't have a way
+/// # // to say that it should only be run with cfg(feature = "...")
+/// # use tower::Service;
+/// # use tower::builder::ServiceBuilder;
+/// # #[cfg(all(feature = "buffer", feature = "limit"))]
+/// # async fn wrap<S>(svc: S) where S: Service<(), Error = &'static str> + 'static + Send, S::Future: Send {
+/// ServiceBuilder::new()
+///     .buffer(100)
+///     .concurrency_limit(10)
+///     .service(svc)
+/// # ;
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// In the above example, the buffer layer receives the request first followed
+/// by `concurrency_limit`. `buffer` enables up to 100 request to be in-flight
+/// **on top of** the requests that have already been forwarded to the next
+/// layer. Combined with `concurrency_limit`, this allows up to 110 requests to be
+/// in-flight.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use tower::Service;
+/// # use tower::builder::ServiceBuilder;
+/// # #[cfg(all(feature = "buffer", feature = "limit"))]
+/// # async fn wrap<S>(svc: S) where S: Service<(), Error = &'static str> + 'static + Send, S::Future: Send {
+/// ServiceBuilder::new()
+///     .concurrency_limit(10)
+///     .buffer(100)
+///     .service(svc)
+/// # ;
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// The above example is similar, but the order of layers is reversed. Now,
+/// `concurrency_limit` applies first and only allows 10 requests to be in-flight
+/// total.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// A [`Service`] stack with a single layer:
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use tower::Service;
+/// # use tower::builder::ServiceBuilder;
+/// # #[cfg(feature = "limit")]
+/// # use tower::limit::concurrency::ConcurrencyLimitLayer;
+/// # #[cfg(feature = "limit")]
+/// # async fn wrap<S>(svc: S) where S: Service<(), Error = &'static str> + 'static + Send, S::Future: Send {
+/// ServiceBuilder::new()
+///     .concurrency_limit(5)
+///     .service(svc);
+/// # ;
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// A [`Service`] stack with _multiple_ layers that contain rate limiting,
+/// in-flight request limits, and a channel-backed, clonable [`Service`]:
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use tower::Service;
+/// # use tower::builder::ServiceBuilder;
+/// # use std::time::Duration;
+/// # #[cfg(all(feature = "buffer", feature = "limit"))]
+/// # async fn wrap<S>(svc: S) where S: Service<(), Error = &'static str> + 'static + Send, S::Future: Send {
+/// ServiceBuilder::new()
+///     .buffer(5)
+///     .concurrency_limit(5)
+///     .rate_limit(5, Duration::from_secs(1))
+///     .service(svc);
+/// # ;
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// [`Service`]: crate::Service
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ServiceBuilder<L> {
+    layer: L,
+}
+
+impl Default for ServiceBuilder<Identity> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ServiceBuilder<Identity> {
+    /// Create a new [`ServiceBuilder`].
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        ServiceBuilder {
+            layer: Identity::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L> ServiceBuilder<L> {
+    /// Add a new layer `T` into the [`ServiceBuilder`].
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with the service provided by a user-defined
+    /// [`Layer`]. The provided layer must implement the [`Layer`] trait.
+    ///
+    /// [`Layer`]: crate::Layer
+    pub fn layer<T>(self, layer: T) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<T, L>> {
+        ServiceBuilder {
+            layer: Stack::new(layer, self.layer),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Optionally add a new layer `T` into the [`ServiceBuilder`].
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use std::time::Duration;
+    /// # use tower::Service;
+    /// # use tower::builder::ServiceBuilder;
+    /// # use tower::timeout::TimeoutLayer;
+    /// # async fn wrap<S>(svc: S) where S: Service<(), Error = &'static str> + 'static + Send, S::Future: Send {
+    /// # let timeout = Some(Duration::new(10, 0));
+    /// // Apply a timeout if configured
+    /// ServiceBuilder::new()
+    ///     .option_layer(timeout.map(TimeoutLayer::new))
+    ///     .service(svc)
+    /// # ;
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "util")))]
+    pub fn option_layer<T>(
+        self,
+        layer: Option<T>,
+    ) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::util::Either<T, Identity>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::util::option_layer(layer))
+    }
+
+    /// Add a [`Layer`] built from a function that accepts a service and returns another service.
+    ///
+    /// See the documentation for [`layer_fn`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// [`layer_fn`]: crate::layer::layer_fn
+    pub fn layer_fn<F>(self, f: F) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::layer::LayerFn<F>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::layer::layer_fn(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Buffer requests when the next layer is not ready.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`Buffer`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// [`Buffer`]: crate::buffer
+    #[cfg(feature = "buffer")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "buffer")))]
+    pub fn buffer<Request>(
+        self,
+        bound: usize,
+    ) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::buffer::BufferLayer<Request>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::buffer::BufferLayer::new(bound))
+    }
+
+    /// Limit the max number of in-flight requests.
+    ///
+    /// A request is in-flight from the time the request is received until the
+    /// response future completes. This includes the time spent in the next
+    /// layers.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the
+    /// [`ConcurrencyLimit`] middleware.
+    ///
+    /// [`ConcurrencyLimit`]: crate::limit::concurrency
+    #[cfg(feature = "limit")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "limit")))]
+    pub fn concurrency_limit(
+        self,
+        max: usize,
+    ) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::limit::ConcurrencyLimitLayer, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::limit::ConcurrencyLimitLayer::new(max))
+    }
+
+    /// Drop requests when the next layer is unable to respond to requests.
+    ///
+    /// Usually, when a service or middleware does not have capacity to process a
+    /// request (i.e., [`poll_ready`] returns [`Pending`]), the caller waits until
+    /// capacity becomes available.
+    ///
+    /// [`LoadShed`] immediately responds with an error when the next layer is
+    /// out of capacity.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`LoadShed`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// [`LoadShed`]: crate::load_shed
+    /// [`poll_ready`]: crate::Service::poll_ready
+    /// [`Pending`]: std::task::Poll::Pending
+    #[cfg(feature = "load-shed")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "load-shed")))]
+    pub fn load_shed(self) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::load_shed::LoadShedLayer, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::load_shed::LoadShedLayer::new())
+    }
+
+    /// Limit requests to at most `num` per the given duration.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`RateLimit`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// [`RateLimit`]: crate::limit::rate
+    #[cfg(feature = "limit")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "limit")))]
+    pub fn rate_limit(
+        self,
+        num: u64,
+        per: std::time::Duration,
+    ) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::limit::RateLimitLayer, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::limit::RateLimitLayer::new(num, per))
+    }
+
+    /// Retry failed requests according to the given [retry policy][policy].
+    ///
+    /// `policy` determines which failed requests will be retried. It must
+    /// implement the [`retry::Policy`][policy] trait.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`Retry`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// [`Retry`]: crate::retry
+    /// [policy]: crate::retry::Policy
+    #[cfg(feature = "retry")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "retry")))]
+    pub fn retry<P>(self, policy: P) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::retry::RetryLayer<P>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::retry::RetryLayer::new(policy))
+    }
+
+    /// Fail requests that take longer than `timeout`.
+    ///
+    /// If the next layer takes more than `timeout` to respond to a request,
+    /// processing is terminated and an error is returned.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`timeout`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// [`timeout`]: crate::timeout
+    #[cfg(feature = "timeout")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "timeout")))]
+    pub fn timeout(
+        self,
+        timeout: std::time::Duration,
+    ) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::timeout::TimeoutLayer, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::timeout::TimeoutLayer::new(timeout))
+    }
+
+    /// Conditionally reject requests based on `predicate`.
+    ///
+    /// `predicate` must implement the [`Predicate`] trait.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`Filter`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// [`Filter`]: crate::filter
+    /// [`Predicate`]: crate::filter::Predicate
+    #[cfg(feature = "filter")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "filter")))]
+    pub fn filter<P>(
+        self,
+        predicate: P,
+    ) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::filter::FilterLayer<P>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::filter::FilterLayer::new(predicate))
+    }
+
+    /// Conditionally reject requests based on an asynchronous `predicate`.
+    ///
+    /// `predicate` must implement the [`AsyncPredicate`] trait.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`AsyncFilter`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// [`AsyncFilter`]: crate::filter::AsyncFilter
+    /// [`AsyncPredicate`]: crate::filter::AsyncPredicate
+    #[cfg(feature = "filter")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "filter")))]
+    pub fn filter_async<P>(
+        self,
+        predicate: P,
+    ) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::filter::AsyncFilterLayer<P>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::filter::AsyncFilterLayer::new(predicate))
+    }
+
+    /// Map one request type to another.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`MapRequest`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Changing the type of a request:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use tower::ServiceBuilder;
+    /// use tower::ServiceExt;
+    ///
+    /// # #[tokio::main]
+    /// # async fn main() -> Result<(), ()> {
+    /// // Suppose we have some `Service` whose request type is `String`:
+    /// let string_svc = tower::service_fn(|request: String| async move {
+    ///     println!("request: {}", request);
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// });
+    ///
+    /// // ...but we want to call that service with a `usize`. What do we do?
+    ///
+    /// let usize_svc = ServiceBuilder::new()
+    ///      // Add a middlware that converts the request type to a `String`:
+    ///     .map_request(|request: usize| format!("{}", request))
+    ///     // ...and wrap the string service with that middleware:
+    ///     .service(string_svc);
+    ///
+    /// // Now, we can call that service with a `usize`:
+    /// usize_svc.oneshot(42).await?;
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Modifying the request value:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use tower::ServiceBuilder;
+    /// use tower::ServiceExt;
+    ///
+    /// # #[tokio::main]
+    /// # async fn main() -> Result<(), ()> {
+    /// // A service that takes a number and returns it:
+    /// let svc = tower::service_fn(|request: usize| async move {
+    ///    Ok(request)
+    /// });
+    ///
+    /// let svc = ServiceBuilder::new()
+    ///      // Add a middleware that adds 1 to each request
+    ///     .map_request(|request: usize| request + 1)
+    ///     .service(svc);
+    ///
+    /// let response = svc.oneshot(1).await?;
+    /// assert_eq!(response, 2);
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`MapRequest`]: crate::util::MapRequest
+    #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "util")))]
+    pub fn map_request<F, R1, R2>(
+        self,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::util::MapRequestLayer<F>, L>>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(R1) -> R2 + Clone,
+    {
+        self.layer(crate::util::MapRequestLayer::new(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Map one response type to another.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`MapResponse`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// See the documentation for the [`map_response` combinator] for details.
+    ///
+    /// [`MapResponse`]: crate::util::MapResponse
+    /// [`map_response` combinator]: crate::util::ServiceExt::map_response
+    #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "util")))]
+    pub fn map_response<F>(
+        self,
+        f: F,
+    ) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::util::MapResponseLayer<F>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::util::MapResponseLayer::new(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Map one error type to another.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`MapErr`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// See the documentation for the [`map_err` combinator] for details.
+    ///
+    /// [`MapErr`]: crate::util::MapErr
+    /// [`map_err` combinator]: crate::util::ServiceExt::map_err
+    #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "util")))]
+    pub fn map_err<F>(self, f: F) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::util::MapErrLayer<F>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::util::MapErrLayer::new(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Composes a function that transforms futures produced by the service.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`MapFutureLayer`] middleware.
+    ///
+    /// See the documentation for the [`map_future`] combinator for details.
+    ///
+    /// [`MapFutureLayer`]: crate::util::MapFutureLayer
+    /// [`map_future`]: crate::util::ServiceExt::map_future
+    #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "util")))]
+    pub fn map_future<F>(self, f: F) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::util::MapFutureLayer<F>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::util::MapFutureLayer::new(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Apply an asynchronous function after the service, regardless of whether the future
+    /// succeeds or fails.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`Then`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// This is similar to the [`map_response`] and [`map_err`] functions,
+    /// except that the *same* function is invoked when the service's future
+    /// completes, whether it completes successfully or fails. This function
+    /// takes the [`Result`] returned by the service's future, and returns a
+    /// [`Result`].
+    ///
+    /// See the documentation for the [`then` combinator] for details.
+    ///
+    /// [`Then`]: crate::util::Then
+    /// [`then` combinator]: crate::util::ServiceExt::then
+    /// [`map_response`]: ServiceBuilder::map_response
+    /// [`map_err`]: ServiceBuilder::map_err
+    #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "util")))]
+    pub fn then<F>(self, f: F) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::util::ThenLayer<F>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::util::ThenLayer::new(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Executes a new future after this service's future resolves. This does
+    /// not alter the behaviour of the [`poll_ready`] method.
+    ///
+    /// This method can be used to change the [`Response`] type of the service
+    /// into a different type. You can use this method to chain along a computation once the
+    /// service's response has been resolved.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`AndThen`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// See the documentation for the [`and_then` combinator] for details.
+    ///
+    /// [`Response`]: crate::Service::Response
+    /// [`poll_ready`]: crate::Service::poll_ready
+    /// [`and_then` combinator]: crate::util::ServiceExt::and_then
+    /// [`AndThen`]: crate::util::AndThen
+    #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "util")))]
+    pub fn and_then<F>(self, f: F) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::util::AndThenLayer<F>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::util::AndThenLayer::new(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Maps this service's result type (`Result<Self::Response, Self::Error>`)
+    /// to a different value, regardless of whether the future succeeds or
+    /// fails.
+    ///
+    /// This wraps the inner service with an instance of the [`MapResult`]
+    /// middleware.
+    ///
+    /// See the documentation for the [`map_result` combinator] for details.
+    ///
+    /// [`map_result` combinator]: crate::util::ServiceExt::map_result
+    /// [`MapResult`]: crate::util::MapResult
+    #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "util")))]
+    pub fn map_result<F>(self, f: F) -> ServiceBuilder<Stack<crate::util::MapResultLayer<F>, L>> {
+        self.layer(crate::util::MapResultLayer::new(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the underlying `Layer` implementation.
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> L {
+        self.layer
+    }
+
+    /// Wrap the service `S` with the middleware provided by this
+    /// [`ServiceBuilder`]'s [`Layer`]'s, returning a new [`Service`].
+    ///
+    /// [`Layer`]: crate::Layer
+    /// [`Service`]: crate::Service
+    pub fn service<S>(&self, service: S) -> L::Service
+    where
+        L: Layer<S>,
+    {
+        self.layer.layer(service)
+    }
+
+    /// Wrap the async function `F` with the middleware provided by this [`ServiceBuilder`]'s
+    /// [`Layer`]s, returning a new [`Service`].
+    ///
+    /// This is a convenience method which is equivalent to calling
+    /// [`ServiceBuilder::service`] with a [`service_fn`], like this:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use tower::{ServiceBuilder, service_fn};
+    /// # async fn handler_fn(_: ()) -> Result<(), ()> { Ok(()) }
+    /// # let _ = {
+    /// ServiceBuilder::new()
+    ///     // ...
+    ///     .service(service_fn(handler_fn))
+    /// # };
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use std::time::Duration;
+    /// use tower::{ServiceBuilder, ServiceExt, BoxError, service_fn};
+    ///
+    /// # #[tokio::main]
+    /// # async fn main() -> Result<(), BoxError> {
+    /// async fn handle(request: &'static str) -> Result<&'static str, BoxError> {
+    ///    Ok(request)
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// let svc = ServiceBuilder::new()
+    ///     .buffer(1024)
+    ///     .timeout(Duration::from_secs(10))
+    ///     .service_fn(handle);
+    ///
+    /// let response = svc.oneshot("foo").await?;
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(response, "foo");
+    /// # Ok(())
+    /// # }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`Layer`]: crate::Layer
+    /// [`Service`]: crate::Service
+    /// [`service_fn`]: crate::service_fn
+    #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "util")))]
+    pub fn service_fn<F>(self, f: F) -> L::Service
+    where
+        L: Layer<crate::util::ServiceFn<F>>,
+    {
+        self.service(crate::util::service_fn(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Check that the builder implements `Clone`.
+    ///
+    /// This can be useful when debugging type errors in `ServiceBuilder`s with lots of layers.
+    ///
+    /// Doesn't actually change the builder but serves as a type check.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use tower::ServiceBuilder;
+    ///
+    /// let builder = ServiceBuilder::new()
+    ///     // Do something before processing the request
+    ///     .map_request(|request: String| {
+    ///         println!("got request!");
+    ///         request
+    ///     })
+    ///     // Ensure our `ServiceBuilder` can be cloned
+    ///     .check_clone()
+    ///     // Do something after processing the request
+    ///     .map_response(|response: String| {
+    ///         println!("got response!");
+    ///         response
+    ///     });
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn check_clone(self) -> Self
+    where
+        Self: Clone,
+    {
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Check that the builder when given a service of type `S` produces a service that implements
+    /// `Clone`.
+    ///
+    /// This can be useful when debugging type errors in `ServiceBuilder`s with lots of layers.
+    ///
+    /// Doesn't actually change the builder but serves as a type check.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use tower::ServiceBuilder;
+    ///
+    /// # #[derive(Clone)]
+    /// # struct MyService;
+    /// #
+    /// let builder = ServiceBuilder::new()
+    ///     // Do something before processing the request
+    ///     .map_request(|request: String| {
+    ///         println!("got request!");
+    ///         request
+    ///     })
+    ///     // Ensure that the service produced when given a `MyService` implements
+    ///     .check_service_clone::<MyService>()
+    ///     // Do something after processing the request
+    ///     .map_response(|response: String| {
+    ///         println!("got response!");
+    ///         response
+    ///     });
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn check_service_clone<S>(self) -> Self
+    where
+        L: Layer<S>,
+        L::Service: Clone,
+    {
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Check that the builder when given a service of type `S` produces a service with the given
+    /// request, response, and error types.
+    ///
+    /// This can be useful when debugging type errors in `ServiceBuilder`s with lots of layers.
+    ///
+    /// Doesn't actually change the builder but serves as a type check.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use tower::ServiceBuilder;
+    /// use std::task::{Poll, Context};
+    /// use tower::{Service, ServiceExt};
+    ///
+    /// // An example service
+    /// struct MyService;
+    ///
+    /// impl Service<Request> for MyService {
+    ///   type Response = Response;
+    ///   type Error = Error;
+    ///   type Future = futures_util::future::Ready<Result<Response, Error>>;
+    ///
+    ///   fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+    ///       // ...
+    ///       # todo!()
+    ///   }
+    ///
+    ///   fn call(&mut self, request: Request) -> Self::Future {
+    ///       // ...
+    ///       # todo!()
+    ///   }
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// struct Request;
+    /// struct Response;
+    /// struct Error;
+    ///
+    /// struct WrappedResponse(Response);
+    ///
+    /// let builder = ServiceBuilder::new()
+    ///     // At this point in the builder if given a `MyService` it produces a service that
+    ///     // accepts `Request`s, produces `Response`s, and fails with `Error`s
+    ///     .check_service::<MyService, Request, Response, Error>()
+    ///     // Wrap responses in `WrappedResponse`
+    ///     .map_response(|response: Response| WrappedResponse(response))
+    ///     // Now the response type will be `WrappedResponse`
+    ///     .check_service::<MyService, _, WrappedResponse, _>();
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn check_service<S, T, U, E>(self) -> Self
+    where
+        L: Layer<S>,
+        L::Service: Service<T, Response = U, Error = E>,
+    {
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// This wraps the inner service with the [`Layer`] returned by [`BoxService::layer()`].
+    ///
+    /// See that method for more details.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use tower::{Service, ServiceBuilder, BoxError, util::BoxService};
+    /// use std::time::Duration;
+    /// #
+    /// # struct Request;
+    /// # struct Response;
+    /// # impl Response {
+    /// #     fn new() -> Self { Self }
+    /// # }
+    ///
+    /// let service: BoxService<Request, Response, BoxError> = ServiceBuilder::new()
+    ///     .boxed()
+    ///     .load_shed()
+    ///     .concurrency_limit(64)
+    ///     .timeout(Duration::from_secs(10))
+    ///     .service_fn(|req: Request| async {
+    ///         Ok::<_, BoxError>(Response::new())
+    ///     });
+    /// # let service = assert_service(service);
+    /// # fn assert_service<S, R>(svc: S) -> S
+    /// # where S: Service<R> { svc }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`BoxService::layer()`]: crate::util::BoxService::layer()
+    #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "util")))]
+    pub fn boxed<S, R>(
+        self,
+    ) -> ServiceBuilder<
+        Stack<
+            tower_layer::LayerFn<
+                fn(
+                    L::Service,
+                ) -> crate::util::BoxService<
+                    R,
+                    <L::Service as Service<R>>::Response,
+                    <L::Service as Service<R>>::Error,
+                >,
+            >,
+            L,
+        >,
+    >
+    where
+        L: Layer<S>,
+        L::Service: Service<R> + Send + 'static,
+        <L::Service as Service<R>>::Future: Send + 'static,
+    {
+        self.layer(crate::util::BoxService::layer())
+    }
+
+    /// This wraps the inner service with the [`Layer`] returned by [`BoxCloneService::layer()`].
+    ///
+    /// This is similar to the [`boxed`] method, but it requires that `Self` implement
+    /// [`Clone`], and the returned boxed service implements [`Clone`].
+    ///
+    /// See [`BoxCloneService`] for more details.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use tower::{Service, ServiceBuilder, BoxError, util::BoxCloneService};
+    /// use std::time::Duration;
+    /// #
+    /// # struct Request;
+    /// # struct Response;
+    /// # impl Response {
+    /// #     fn new() -> Self { Self }
+    /// # }
+    ///
+    /// let service: BoxCloneService<Request, Response, BoxError> = ServiceBuilder::new()
+    ///     .boxed_clone()
+    ///     .load_shed()
+    ///     .concurrency_limit(64)
+    ///     .timeout(Duration::from_secs(10))
+    ///     .service_fn(|req: Request| async {
+    ///         Ok::<_, BoxError>(Response::new())
+    ///     });
+    /// # let service = assert_service(service);
+    ///
+    /// // The boxed service can still be cloned.
+    /// service.clone();
+    /// # fn assert_service<S, R>(svc: S) -> S
+    /// # where S: Service<R> { svc }
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`BoxCloneService::layer()`]: crate::util::BoxCloneService::layer()
+    /// [`BoxCloneService`]: crate::util::BoxCloneService
+    /// [`boxed`]: Self::boxed
+    #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "util")))]
+    pub fn boxed_clone<S, R>(
+        self,
+    ) -> ServiceBuilder<
+        Stack<
+            tower_layer::LayerFn<
+                fn(
+                    L::Service,
+                ) -> crate::util::BoxCloneService<
+                    R,
+                    <L::Service as Service<R>>::Response,
+                    <L::Service as Service<R>>::Error,
+                >,
+            >,
+            L,
+        >,
+    >
+    where
+        L: Layer<S>,
+        L::Service: Service<R> + Clone + Send + 'static,
+        <L::Service as Service<R>>::Future: Send + 'static,
+    {
+        self.layer(crate::util::BoxCloneService::layer())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for ServiceBuilder<L> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("ServiceBuilder").field(&self.layer).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, L> Layer<S> for ServiceBuilder<L>
+where
+    L: Layer<S>,
+{
+    type Service = L::Service;
+
+    fn layer(&self, inner: S) -> Self::Service {
+        self.layer.layer(inner)
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/discover/error.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/discover/error.rs
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use std::{error::Error, fmt};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Never {}
+
+impl fmt::Display for Never {
+    fn fmt(&self, _: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {}
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for Never {}
--- a/tower/tower/src/discover/list.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/discover/list.rs
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use super::{error::Never, Change};
+use futures_core::Stream;
+use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+use std::iter::{Enumerate, IntoIterator};
+use std::{
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+use tower_service::Service;
+
+pin_project! {
+    /// Static service discovery based on a predetermined list of services.
+    ///
+    /// [`ServiceList`] is created with an initial list of services. The discovery
+    /// process will yield this list once and do nothing after.
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct ServiceList<T>
+    where
+        T: IntoIterator,
+    {
+        inner: Enumerate<T::IntoIter>,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ServiceList<T>
+where
+    T: IntoIterator<Item = U>,
+{
+    #[allow(missing_docs)]
+    pub fn new<Request>(services: T) -> ServiceList<T>
+    where
+        U: Service<Request>,
+    {
+        ServiceList {
+            inner: services.into_iter().enumerate(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> Stream for ServiceList<T>
+where
+    T: IntoIterator<Item = U>,
+{
+    type Item = Result<Change<usize, U>, Never>;
+
+    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, _: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        match self.project().inner.next() {
+            Some((i, service)) => Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(Change::Insert(i, service)))),
+            None => Poll::Ready(None),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// check that List can be directly over collections
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+type ListVecTest<T> = ServiceList<Vec<T>>;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+type ListVecIterTest<T> = ServiceList<::std::vec::IntoIter<T>>;
--- a/tower/tower/src/discover/mod.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/discover/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+mod error;
+mod list;
+
+pub use self::list::ServiceList;
+
+use crate::sealed::Sealed;
+use futures_core::TryStream;
+use std::{
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+
+pub trait Discover {
+    type Key: Eq;
+    type Service;
+    type Error;
+    fn poll_discover(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+    ) -> (Poll<Option<Result<Change<Self::Key, Self::Service>, Self::Error>>>);
+}
+
+impl<K, S, E, D: ?Sized> Sealed<Change<(), ()>> for D
+where
+    D: TryStream<Ok = Change<K, S>, Error = E>,
+    K: Eq,
+{
+}
+
+impl<K, S, E, D: ?Sized> Discover for D
+where
+    D: TryStream<Ok = Change<K, S>, Error = E>,
+    K: Eq,
+{
+    type Key = K;
+    type Service = S;
+    type Error = E;
+
+    fn poll_discover(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>,
+    ) -> Poll<Option<Result<D::Ok, D::Error>>> {
+        todo!()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A change in the service set.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub enum Change<K, V> {
+    Insert(K, V),
+    Remove(K),
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/layer.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/layer.rs
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//! A collection of [`Layer`] based tower services
+//!
+//! [`Layer`]: crate::Layer
+
+pub use tower_layer::{layer_fn, Layer, LayerFn};
+
+/// Utilities for combining layers
+///
+/// [`Identity`]: crate::layer::util::Identity
+/// [`Layer`]: crate::Layer
+/// [`Stack`]: crate::layer::util::Stack
+pub mod util {
+    pub use tower_layer::{Identity, Stack};
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/lib.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/lib.rs
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+#![warn(
+    missing_debug_implementations,
+    missing_docs,
+    rust_2018_idioms,
+    unreachable_pub
+)]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+#![allow(elided_lifetimes_in_paths, clippy::type_complexity)]
+#![cfg_attr(test, allow(clippy::float_cmp))]
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
+
+#![allow(warnings)]
+
+#[macro_use]
+pub(crate) mod macros;
+#[cfg(feature = "balance")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "balance")))]
+pub mod balance;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "discover")))]
+pub mod discover;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "load")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "load")))]
+pub mod load;
+
+
+#[cfg(feature = "make")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "make")))]
+pub mod make;
+
+
+pub mod builder;
+pub mod layer;
+
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use crate::builder::ServiceBuilder;
+#[cfg(feature = "make")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "make")))]
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use crate::make::MakeService;
+
+
+#[allow(unreachable_pub)]
+mod sealed {
+    pub trait Sealed<T> {}
+}
+
+/// Alias for a type-erased error type.
+pub type BoxError = Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>;
--- a/tower/tower/src/load/completion.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/load/completion.rs
@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+//! Application-specific request completion semantics.
+
+use futures_core::ready;
+use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+use std::{
+    future::Future,
+    pin::Pin,
+    task::{Context, Poll},
+};
+
+/// Attaches `H`-typed completion tracker to `V` typed values.
+///
+/// Handles (of type `H`) are intended to be RAII guards that primarily implement [`Drop`] and update
+/// load metric state as they are dropped. This trait allows implementors to "forward" the handle
+/// to later parts of the request-handling pipeline, so that the handle is only dropped when the
+/// request has truly completed.
+///
+/// This utility allows load metrics to have a protocol-agnostic means to track streams past their
+/// initial response future. For example, if `V` represents an HTTP response type, an
+/// implementation could add `H`-typed handles to each response's extensions to detect when all the
+/// response's extensions have been dropped.
+///
+/// A base `impl<H, V> TrackCompletion<H, V> for CompleteOnResponse` is provided to drop the handle
+/// once the response future is resolved. This is appropriate when a response is discrete and
+/// cannot comprise multiple messages.
+///
+/// In many cases, the `Output` type is simply `V`. However, [`TrackCompletion`] may alter the type
+/// in order to instrument it appropriately. For example, an HTTP [`TrackCompletion`] may modify
+/// the body type: so a [`TrackCompletion`] that takes values of type
+/// [`http::Response<A>`][response] may output values of type [`http::Response<B>`][response].
+///
+/// [response]: https://docs.rs/http/latest/http/response/struct.Response.html
+pub trait TrackCompletion<H, V>: Clone {
+    /// The instrumented value type.
+    type Output;
+
+    /// Attaches a `H`-typed handle to a `V`-typed value.
+    fn track_completion(&self, handle: H, value: V) -> Self::Output;
+}
+
+/// A [`TrackCompletion`] implementation that considers the request completed when the response
+/// future is resolved.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub struct CompleteOnResponse;
+
+pin_project! {
+    /// Attaches a `C`-typed completion tracker to the result of an `F`-typed [`Future`].
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct TrackCompletionFuture<F, C, H> {
+        #[pin]
+        future: F,
+        handle: Option<H>,
+        completion: C,
+    }
+}
+
+// ===== impl InstrumentFuture =====
+
+impl<F, C, H> TrackCompletionFuture<F, C, H> {
+    /// Wraps a future, propagating the tracker into its value if successful.
+    pub fn new(completion: C, handle: H, future: F) -> Self {
+        TrackCompletionFuture {
+            future,
+            completion,
+            handle: Some(handle),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<F, C, H, T, E> Future for TrackCompletionFuture<F, C, H>
+where
+    F: Future<Output = Result<T, E>>,
+    C: TrackCompletion<H, T>,
+{
+    type Output = Result<C::Output, E>;
+
+    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output> {
+        let this = self.project();
+        let rsp = ready!(this.future.poll(cx))?;
+        let h = this.handle.take().expect("handle");
+        Poll::Ready(Ok(this.completion.track_completion(h, rsp)))
+    }
+}
+
+// ===== CompleteOnResponse =====
+
+impl<H, V> TrackCompletion<H, V> for CompleteOnResponse {
+    type Output = V;
+
+    fn track_completion(&self, handle: H, value: V) -> V {
+        drop(handle);
+        value
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/load/constant.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/load/constant.rs
@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+//! A constant [`Load`] implementation.
+
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+use crate::discover::{Change, Discover};
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+use futures_core::{ready, Stream};
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+use std::pin::Pin;
+
+use super::Load;
+use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use tower_service::Service;
+
+pin_project! {
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// Wraps a type so that it implements [`Load`] and returns a constant load metric.
+    ///
+    /// This load estimator is primarily useful for testing.
+    pub struct Constant<T, M> {
+        inner: T,
+        load: M,
+    }
+}
+
+// ===== impl Constant =====
+
+impl<T, M: Copy> Constant<T, M> {
+    /// Wraps a `T`-typed service with a constant `M`-typed load metric.
+    pub fn new(inner: T, load: M) -> Self {
+        Self { inner, load }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, M: Copy + PartialOrd> Load for Constant<T, M> {
+    type Metric = M;
+
+    fn load(&self) -> M {
+        self.load
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, M, Request> Service<Request> for Constant<S, M>
+where
+    S: Service<Request>,
+    M: Copy,
+{
+    type Response = S::Response;
+    type Error = S::Error;
+    type Future = S::Future;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.inner.poll_ready(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, req: Request) -> Self::Future {
+        self.inner.call(req)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Proxies [`Discover`] such that all changes are wrapped with a constant load.
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "discover")))]
+impl<D: Discover + Unpin, M: Copy> Stream for Constant<D, M> {
+    type Item = Result<Change<D::Key, Constant<D::Service, M>>, D::Error>;
+
+    /// Yields the next discovery change set.
+    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        use self::Change::*;
+
+        let this = self.project();
+        let change = match ready!(Pin::new(this.inner).poll_discover(cx)).transpose()? {
+            None => return Poll::Ready(None),
+            Some(Insert(k, svc)) => Insert(k, Constant::new(svc, *this.load)),
+            Some(Remove(k)) => Remove(k),
+        };
+
+        Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(change)))
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/load/mod.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/load/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+//! Service load measurement
+//!
+//! This module provides the [`Load`] trait, which allows measuring how loaded a service is.
+//! It also provides several wrapper types that measure load in different ways:
+//!
+//! - [`Constant`] — Always returns the same constant load value for a service.
+//! - [`PendingRequests`] — Measures load by tracking the number of in-flight requests.
+//! - [`PeakEwma`] — Measures load using a moving average of the peak latency for the service.
+//!
+//! In general, you will want to use one of these when using the types in [`tower::balance`] which
+//! balance services depending on their load. Which load metric to use depends on your exact
+//! use-case, but the ones above should get you quite far!
+//!
+//! When the `discover` feature is enabled, wrapper types for [`Discover`] that
+//! wrap the discovered services with the given load estimator are also provided.
+//!
+//! # When does a request complete?
+//!
+//! For many applications, the request life-cycle is relatively simple: when a service responds to
+//! a request, that request is done, and the system can forget about it. However, for some
+//! applications, the service may respond to the initial request while other parts of the system
+//! are still acting on that request. In such an application, the system load must take these
+//! requests into account as well, or risk the system underestimating its own load.
+//!
+//! To support these use-cases, the load estimators in this module are parameterized by the
+//! [`TrackCompletion`] trait, with [`CompleteOnResponse`] as the default type. The behavior of
+//! [`CompleteOnResponse`] is what you would normally expect for a request-response cycle: when the
+//! response is produced, the request is considered "finished", and load goes down. This can be
+//! overriden by your own user-defined type to track more complex request completion semantics. See
+//! the documentation for [`completion`] for more details.
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+//! use tower::util::ServiceExt;
+//! # #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+//! use tower::{load::Load, Service};
+//! # #[cfg(feature = "util")]
+//! async fn simple_balance<S1, S2, R>(
+//!     svc1: &mut S1,
+//!     svc2: &mut S2,
+//!     request: R
+//! ) -> Result<S1::Response, S1::Error>
+//! where
+//!     S1: Load + Service<R>,
+//!     S2: Load<Metric = S1::Metric> + Service<R, Response = S1::Response, Error = S1::Error>
+//! {
+//!     if svc1.load() < svc2.load() {
+//!         svc1.ready().await?.call(request).await
+//!     } else {
+//!         svc2.ready().await?.call(request).await
+//!     }
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! [`tower::balance`]: crate::balance
+//! [`Discover`]: crate::discover::Discover
+//! [`CompleteOnResponse`]: crate::load::completion::CompleteOnResponse
+// TODO: a custom completion example would be good here
+
+pub mod completion;
+mod constant;
+pub mod peak_ewma;
+pub mod pending_requests;
+
+pub use self::{
+    completion::{CompleteOnResponse, TrackCompletion},
+    constant::Constant,
+    peak_ewma::PeakEwma,
+    pending_requests::PendingRequests,
+};
+
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+pub use self::{peak_ewma::PeakEwmaDiscover, pending_requests::PendingRequestsDiscover};
+
+/// Types that implement this trait can give an estimate of how loaded they are.
+///
+/// See the module documentation for more details.
+pub trait Load {
+    /// A comparable load metric.
+    ///
+    /// Lesser values indicate that the service is less loaded, and should be preferred for new
+    /// requests over another service with a higher value.
+    type Metric: PartialOrd;
+
+    /// Estimate the service's current load.
+    fn load(&self) -> Self::Metric;
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/load/peak_ewma.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/load/peak_ewma.rs
@ -0,0 +1,407 @@
+//! A `Load` implementation that measures load using the PeakEWMA response latency.
+
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+use crate::discover::{Change, Discover};
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+use futures_core::{ready, Stream};
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+use std::pin::Pin;
+
+use super::completion::{CompleteOnResponse, TrackCompletion, TrackCompletionFuture};
+use super::Load;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use std::{
+    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
+    time::Duration,
+};
+use tokio::time::Instant;
+use tower_service::Service;
+use tracing::trace;
+
+/// Measures the load of the underlying service using Peak-EWMA load measurement.
+///
+/// [`PeakEwma`] implements [`Load`] with the [`Cost`] metric that estimates the amount of
+/// pending work to an endpoint. Work is calculated by multiplying the
+/// exponentially-weighted moving average (EWMA) of response latencies by the number of
+/// pending requests. The Peak-EWMA algorithm is designed to be especially sensitive to
+/// worst-case latencies. Over time, the peak latency value decays towards the moving
+/// average of latencies to the endpoint.
+///
+/// When no latency information has been measured for an endpoint, an arbitrary default
+/// RTT of 1 second is used to prevent the endpoint from being overloaded before a
+/// meaningful baseline can be established..
+///
+/// ## Note
+///
+/// This is derived from [Finagle][finagle], which is distributed under the Apache V2
+/// license. Copyright 2017, Twitter Inc.
+///
+/// [finagle]:
+/// https://github.com/twitter/finagle/blob/9cc08d15216497bb03a1cafda96b7266cfbbcff1/finagle-core/src/main/scala/com/twitter/finagle/loadbalancer/PeakEwma.scala
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PeakEwma<S, C = CompleteOnResponse> {
+    service: S,
+    decay_ns: f64,
+    rtt_estimate: Arc<Mutex<RttEstimate>>,
+    completion: C,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+pin_project! {
+    /// Wraps a `D`-typed stream of discovered services with `PeakEwma`.
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "discover")))]
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct PeakEwmaDiscover<D, C = CompleteOnResponse> {
+        #[pin]
+        discover: D,
+        decay_ns: f64,
+        default_rtt: Duration,
+        completion: C,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents the relative cost of communicating with a service.
+///
+/// The underlying value estimates the amount of pending work to a service: the Peak-EWMA
+/// latency estimate multiplied by the number of pending requests.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, PartialOrd)]
+pub struct Cost(f64);
+
+/// Tracks an in-flight request and updates the RTT-estimate on Drop.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Handle {
+    sent_at: Instant,
+    decay_ns: f64,
+    rtt_estimate: Arc<Mutex<RttEstimate>>,
+}
+
+/// Holds the current RTT estimate and the last time this value was updated.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct RttEstimate {
+    update_at: Instant,
+    rtt_ns: f64,
+}
+
+const NANOS_PER_MILLI: f64 = 1_000_000.0;
+
+// ===== impl PeakEwma =====
+
+impl<S, C> PeakEwma<S, C> {
+    /// Wraps an `S`-typed service so that its load is tracked by the EWMA of its peak latency.
+    pub fn new(service: S, default_rtt: Duration, decay_ns: f64, completion: C) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(decay_ns > 0.0, "decay_ns must be positive");
+        Self {
+            service,
+            decay_ns,
+            rtt_estimate: Arc::new(Mutex::new(RttEstimate::new(nanos(default_rtt)))),
+            completion,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn handle(&self) -> Handle {
+        Handle {
+            decay_ns: self.decay_ns,
+            sent_at: Instant::now(),
+            rtt_estimate: self.rtt_estimate.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, C, Request> Service<Request> for PeakEwma<S, C>
+where
+    S: Service<Request>,
+    C: TrackCompletion<Handle, S::Response>,
+{
+    type Response = C::Output;
+    type Error = S::Error;
+    type Future = TrackCompletionFuture<S::Future, C, Handle>;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.service.poll_ready(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, req: Request) -> Self::Future {
+        TrackCompletionFuture::new(
+            self.completion.clone(),
+            self.handle(),
+            self.service.call(req),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, C> Load for PeakEwma<S, C> {
+    type Metric = Cost;
+
+    fn load(&self) -> Self::Metric {
+        let pending = Arc::strong_count(&self.rtt_estimate) as u32 - 1;
+
+        // Update the RTT estimate to account for decay since the last update.
+        // If an estimate has not been established, a default is provided
+        let estimate = self.update_estimate();
+
+        let cost = Cost(estimate * f64::from(pending + 1));
+        trace!(
+            "load estimate={:.0}ms pending={} cost={:?}",
+            estimate / NANOS_PER_MILLI,
+            pending,
+            cost,
+        );
+        cost
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, C> PeakEwma<S, C> {
+    fn update_estimate(&self) -> f64 {
+        let mut rtt = self.rtt_estimate.lock().expect("peak ewma prior_estimate");
+        rtt.decay(self.decay_ns)
+    }
+}
+
+// ===== impl PeakEwmaDiscover =====
+
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+impl<D, C> PeakEwmaDiscover<D, C> {
+    /// Wraps a `D`-typed [`Discover`] so that services have a [`PeakEwma`] load metric.
+    ///
+    /// The provided `default_rtt` is used as the default RTT estimate for newly
+    /// added services.
+    ///
+    /// They `decay` value determines over what time period a RTT estimate should
+    /// decay.
+    pub fn new<Request>(discover: D, default_rtt: Duration, decay: Duration, completion: C) -> Self
+    where
+        D: Discover,
+        D::Service: Service<Request>,
+        C: TrackCompletion<Handle, <D::Service as Service<Request>>::Response>,
+    {
+        PeakEwmaDiscover {
+            discover,
+            decay_ns: nanos(decay),
+            default_rtt,
+            completion,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "discover")))]
+impl<D, C> Stream for PeakEwmaDiscover<D, C>
+where
+    D: Discover,
+    C: Clone,
+{
+    type Item = Result<Change<D::Key, PeakEwma<D::Service, C>>, D::Error>;
+
+    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        let this = self.project();
+        let change = match ready!(this.discover.poll_discover(cx)).transpose()? {
+            None => return Poll::Ready(None),
+            Some(Change::Remove(k)) => Change::Remove(k),
+            Some(Change::Insert(k, svc)) => {
+                let peak_ewma = PeakEwma::new(
+                    svc,
+                    *this.default_rtt,
+                    *this.decay_ns,
+                    this.completion.clone(),
+                );
+                Change::Insert(k, peak_ewma)
+            }
+        };
+
+        Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(change)))
+    }
+}
+
+// ===== impl RttEstimate =====
+
+impl RttEstimate {
+    fn new(rtt_ns: f64) -> Self {
+        debug_assert!(0.0 < rtt_ns, "rtt must be positive");
+        Self {
+            rtt_ns,
+            update_at: Instant::now(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Decays the RTT estimate with a decay period of `decay_ns`.
+    fn decay(&mut self, decay_ns: f64) -> f64 {
+        // Updates with a 0 duration so that the estimate decays towards 0.
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        self.update(now, now, decay_ns)
+    }
+
+    /// Updates the Peak-EWMA RTT estimate.
+    ///
+    /// The elapsed time from `sent_at` to `recv_at` is added
+    fn update(&mut self, sent_at: Instant, recv_at: Instant, decay_ns: f64) -> f64 {
+        debug_assert!(
+            sent_at <= recv_at,
+            "recv_at={:?} after sent_at={:?}",
+            recv_at,
+            sent_at
+        );
+        let rtt = nanos(recv_at.saturating_duration_since(sent_at));
+
+        let now = Instant::now();
+        debug_assert!(
+            self.update_at <= now,
+            "update_at={:?} in the future",
+            self.update_at
+        );
+
+        self.rtt_ns = if self.rtt_ns < rtt {
+            // For Peak-EWMA, always use the worst-case (peak) value as the estimate for
+            // subsequent requests.
+            trace!(
+                "update peak rtt={}ms prior={}ms",
+                rtt / NANOS_PER_MILLI,
+                self.rtt_ns / NANOS_PER_MILLI,
+            );
+            rtt
+        } else {
+            // When an RTT is observed that is less than the estimated RTT, we decay the
+            // prior estimate according to how much time has elapsed since the last
+            // update. The inverse of the decay is used to scale the estimate towards the
+            // observed RTT value.
+            let elapsed = nanos(now.saturating_duration_since(self.update_at));
+            let decay = (-elapsed / decay_ns).exp();
+            let recency = 1.0 - decay;
+            let next_estimate = (self.rtt_ns * decay) + (rtt * recency);
+            trace!(
+                "update rtt={:03.0}ms decay={:06.0}ns; next={:03.0}ms",
+                rtt / NANOS_PER_MILLI,
+                self.rtt_ns - next_estimate,
+                next_estimate / NANOS_PER_MILLI,
+            );
+            next_estimate
+        };
+        self.update_at = now;
+
+        self.rtt_ns
+    }
+}
+
+// ===== impl Handle =====
+
+impl Drop for Handle {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let recv_at = Instant::now();
+
+        if let Ok(mut rtt) = self.rtt_estimate.lock() {
+            rtt.update(self.sent_at, recv_at, self.decay_ns);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// ===== impl Cost =====
+
+// Utility that converts durations to nanos in f64.
+//
+// Due to a lossy transformation, the maximum value that can be represented is ~585 years,
+// which, I hope, is more than enough to represent request latencies.
+fn nanos(d: Duration) -> f64 {
+    const NANOS_PER_SEC: u64 = 1_000_000_000;
+    let n = f64::from(d.subsec_nanos());
+    let s = d.as_secs().saturating_mul(NANOS_PER_SEC) as f64;
+    n + s
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use futures_util::future;
+    use std::time::Duration;
+    use tokio::time;
+    use tokio_test::{assert_ready, assert_ready_ok, task};
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    struct Svc;
+    impl Service<()> for Svc {
+        type Response = ();
+        type Error = ();
+        type Future = future::Ready<Result<(), ()>>;
+
+        fn poll_ready(&mut self, _: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), ()>> {
+            Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+        }
+
+        fn call(&mut self, (): ()) -> Self::Future {
+            future::ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The default RTT estimate decays, so that new nodes are considered if the
+    /// default RTT is too high.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn default_decay() {
+        time::pause();
+
+        let svc = PeakEwma::new(
+            Svc,
+            Duration::from_millis(10),
+            NANOS_PER_MILLI * 1_000.0,
+            CompleteOnResponse,
+        );
+        let Cost(load) = svc.load();
+        assert_eq!(load, 10.0 * NANOS_PER_MILLI);
+
+        time::advance(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+        let Cost(load) = svc.load();
+        assert!(9.0 * NANOS_PER_MILLI < load && load < 10.0 * NANOS_PER_MILLI);
+
+        time::advance(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+        let Cost(load) = svc.load();
+        assert!(8.0 * NANOS_PER_MILLI < load && load < 9.0 * NANOS_PER_MILLI);
+    }
+
+    // The default RTT estimate decays, so that new nodes are considered if the default RTT is too
+    // high.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn compound_decay() {
+        time::pause();
+
+        let mut svc = PeakEwma::new(
+            Svc,
+            Duration::from_millis(20),
+            NANOS_PER_MILLI * 1_000.0,
+            CompleteOnResponse,
+        );
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Cost(20.0 * NANOS_PER_MILLI));
+
+        time::advance(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+        let mut rsp0 = task::spawn(svc.call(()));
+        assert!(svc.load() > Cost(20.0 * NANOS_PER_MILLI));
+
+        time::advance(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+        let mut rsp1 = task::spawn(svc.call(()));
+        assert!(svc.load() > Cost(40.0 * NANOS_PER_MILLI));
+
+        time::advance(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+        let () = assert_ready_ok!(rsp0.poll());
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Cost(400_000_000.0));
+
+        time::advance(Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
+        let () = assert_ready_ok!(rsp1.poll());
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Cost(200_000_000.0));
+
+        // Check that values decay as time elapses
+        time::advance(Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+        assert!(svc.load() < Cost(100_000_000.0));
+
+        time::advance(Duration::from_secs(10)).await;
+        assert!(svc.load() < Cost(100_000.0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn nanos() {
+        assert_eq!(super::nanos(Duration::new(0, 0)), 0.0);
+        assert_eq!(super::nanos(Duration::new(0, 123)), 123.0);
+        assert_eq!(super::nanos(Duration::new(1, 23)), 1_000_000_023.0);
+        assert_eq!(
+            super::nanos(Duration::new(::std::u64::MAX, 999_999_999)),
+            18446744074709553000.0
+        );
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/load/pending_requests.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/load/pending_requests.rs
@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+//! A [`Load`] implementation that measures load using the number of in-flight requests.
+
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+use crate::discover::{Change, Discover};
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+use futures_core::{ready, Stream};
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+use pin_project_lite::pin_project;
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+use std::pin::Pin;
+
+use super::completion::{CompleteOnResponse, TrackCompletion, TrackCompletionFuture};
+use super::Load;
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use tower_service::Service;
+
+/// Measures the load of the underlying service using the number of currently-pending requests.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct PendingRequests<S, C = CompleteOnResponse> {
+    service: S,
+    ref_count: RefCount,
+    completion: C,
+}
+
+/// Shared between instances of [`PendingRequests`] and [`Handle`] to track active references.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, Default)]
+struct RefCount(Arc<()>);
+
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+pin_project! {
+    /// Wraps a `D`-typed stream of discovered services with [`PendingRequests`].
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "discover")))]
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct PendingRequestsDiscover<D, C = CompleteOnResponse> {
+        #[pin]
+        discover: D,
+        completion: C,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Represents the number of currently-pending requests to a given service.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default, PartialOrd, PartialEq, Ord, Eq)]
+pub struct Count(usize);
+
+/// Tracks an in-flight request by reference count.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Handle(RefCount);
+
+// ===== impl PendingRequests =====
+
+impl<S, C> PendingRequests<S, C> {
+    /// Wraps an `S`-typed service so that its load is tracked by the number of pending requests.
+    pub fn new(service: S, completion: C) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            service,
+            completion,
+            ref_count: RefCount::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn handle(&self) -> Handle {
+        Handle(self.ref_count.clone())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, C> Load for PendingRequests<S, C> {
+    type Metric = Count;
+
+    fn load(&self) -> Count {
+        // Count the number of references that aren't `self`.
+        Count(self.ref_count.ref_count() - 1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, C, Request> Service<Request> for PendingRequests<S, C>
+where
+    S: Service<Request>,
+    C: TrackCompletion<Handle, S::Response>,
+{
+    type Response = C::Output;
+    type Error = S::Error;
+    type Future = TrackCompletionFuture<S::Future, C, Handle>;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.service.poll_ready(cx)
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, req: Request) -> Self::Future {
+        TrackCompletionFuture::new(
+            self.completion.clone(),
+            self.handle(),
+            self.service.call(req),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+// ===== impl PendingRequestsDiscover =====
+
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+impl<D, C> PendingRequestsDiscover<D, C> {
+    /// Wraps a [`Discover`], wrapping all of its services with [`PendingRequests`].
+    pub fn new<Request>(discover: D, completion: C) -> Self
+    where
+        D: Discover,
+        D::Service: Service<Request>,
+        C: TrackCompletion<Handle, <D::Service as Service<Request>>::Response>,
+    {
+        Self {
+            discover,
+            completion,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "discover")]
+impl<D, C> Stream for PendingRequestsDiscover<D, C>
+where
+    D: Discover,
+    C: Clone,
+{
+    type Item = Result<Change<D::Key, PendingRequests<D::Service, C>>, D::Error>;
+
+    /// Yields the next discovery change set.
+    fn poll_next(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>> {
+        use self::Change::*;
+
+        let this = self.project();
+        let change = match ready!(this.discover.poll_discover(cx)).transpose()? {
+            None => return Poll::Ready(None),
+            Some(Insert(k, svc)) => Insert(k, PendingRequests::new(svc, this.completion.clone())),
+            Some(Remove(k)) => Remove(k),
+        };
+
+        Poll::Ready(Some(Ok(change)))
+    }
+}
+
+// ==== RefCount ====
+
+impl RefCount {
+    pub(crate) fn ref_count(&self) -> usize {
+        Arc::strong_count(&self.0)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use futures_util::future;
+    use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+    struct Svc;
+    impl Service<()> for Svc {
+        type Response = ();
+        type Error = ();
+        type Future = future::Ready<Result<(), ()>>;
+
+        fn poll_ready(&mut self, _: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), ()>> {
+            Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+        }
+
+        fn call(&mut self, (): ()) -> Self::Future {
+            future::ok(())
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn default() {
+        let mut svc = PendingRequests::new(Svc, CompleteOnResponse);
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(0));
+
+        let rsp0 = svc.call(());
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(1));
+
+        let rsp1 = svc.call(());
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(2));
+
+        let () = tokio_test::block_on(rsp0).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(1));
+
+        let () = tokio_test::block_on(rsp1).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(0));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn with_completion() {
+        #[derive(Clone)]
+        struct IntoHandle;
+        impl TrackCompletion<Handle, ()> for IntoHandle {
+            type Output = Handle;
+            fn track_completion(&self, i: Handle, (): ()) -> Handle {
+                i
+            }
+        }
+
+        let mut svc = PendingRequests::new(Svc, IntoHandle);
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(0));
+
+        let rsp = svc.call(());
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(1));
+        let i0 = tokio_test::block_on(rsp).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(1));
+
+        let rsp = svc.call(());
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(2));
+        let i1 = tokio_test::block_on(rsp).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(2));
+
+        drop(i1);
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(1));
+
+        drop(i0);
+        assert_eq!(svc.load(), Count(0));
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/macros.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/macros.rs
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+#[cfg(any(
+    feature = "util",
+    feature = "spawn-ready",
+    feature = "filter",
+    feature = "make"
+))]
+macro_rules! opaque_future {
+    ($(#[$m:meta])* pub type $name:ident<$($param:ident),+> = $actual:ty;) => {
+        pin_project_lite::pin_project! {
+            $(#[$m])*
+            pub struct $name<$($param),+> {
+                #[pin]
+                inner: $actual
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<$($param),+> $name<$($param),+> {
+            pub(crate) fn new(inner: $actual) -> Self {
+                Self {
+                    inner
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<$($param),+> std::fmt::Debug for $name<$($param),+> {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                f.debug_tuple(stringify!($name)).field(&format_args!("...")).finish()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<$($param),+> std::future::Future for $name<$($param),+>
+        where
+            $actual: std::future::Future,
+        {
+            type Output = <$actual as std::future::Future>::Output;
+            #[inline]
+            fn poll(self: std::pin::Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut std::task::Context<'_>) -> std::task::Poll<Self::Output> {
+                self.project().inner.poll(cx)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/make/make_connection.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/make/make_connection.rs
@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+use crate::sealed::Sealed;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
+use tower_service::Service;
+
+/// The [`MakeConnection`] trait is used to create transports.
+///
+/// The goal of this service is to allow composable methods for creating
+/// `AsyncRead + AsyncWrite` transports. This could mean creating a TLS
+/// based connection or using some other method to authenticate the connection.
+pub trait MakeConnection<Target>: Sealed<(Target,)> {
+    /// The transport provided by this service
+    type Connection: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite;
+
+    /// Errors produced by the connecting service
+    type Error;
+
+    /// The future that eventually produces the transport
+    type Future: Future<Output = Result<Self::Connection, Self::Error>>;
+
+    /// Returns `Poll::Ready(Ok(()))` when it is able to make more connections.
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>>;
+
+    /// Connect and return a transport asynchronously
+    fn make_connection(&mut self, target: Target) -> Self::Future;
+}
+
+impl<S, Target> Sealed<(Target,)> for S where S: Service<Target> {}
+
+impl<C, Target> MakeConnection<Target> for C
+where
+    C: Service<Target>,
+    C::Response: AsyncRead + AsyncWrite,
+{
+    type Connection = C::Response;
+    type Error = C::Error;
+    type Future = C::Future;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        Service::poll_ready(self, cx)
+    }
+
+    fn make_connection(&mut self, target: Target) -> Self::Future {
+        Service::call(self, target)
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/make/make_service.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/make/make_service.rs
@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+//! Contains [`MakeService`] which is a trait alias for a [`Service`] of [`Service`]s.
+
+use crate::sealed::Sealed;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::future::Future;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use tower_service::Service;
+
+pub(crate) mod shared;
+
+/// Creates new [`Service`] values.
+///
+/// Acts as a service factory. This is useful for cases where new [`Service`]
+/// values must be produced. One case is a TCP server listener. The listener
+/// accepts new TCP streams, obtains a new [`Service`] value using the
+/// [`MakeService`] trait, and uses that new [`Service`] value to process inbound
+/// requests on that new TCP stream.
+///
+/// This is essentially a trait alias for a [`Service`] of [`Service`]s.
+pub trait MakeService<Target, Request> {
+    type Response;
+    type Error;
+    type Service: Service<Request, Response = Self::Response, Error = Self::Error>;
+    type MakeError;
+    type Future;
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::MakeError>>;
+    fn make_service(&mut self, target: Target) -> Self::Future;
+}
+
+impl<M, S, Target, Request> Sealed<(Target, Request)> for M
+where
+    M: Service<Target, Response = S>,
+    S: Service<Request>,
+{
+}
+
+impl<M, S, Target, Request> MakeService<Target, Request> for M
+where
+    M: Service<Target, Response = S>,
+    S: Service<Request>,
+{
+    type Response = S::Response;
+    type Error = S::Error;
+    type Service = S;
+    type MakeError = M::Error;
+    type Future = M::Future;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::MakeError>> {
+        Service::poll_ready(self, cx)
+    }
+
+    fn make_service(&mut self, target: Target) -> Self::Future {
+        Service::call(self, target)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Service returned by [`MakeService::into_service`][into].
+///
+/// See the documentation on [`into_service`][into] for details.
+///
+/// [into]: MakeService::into_service
+pub struct IntoService<M, Request> {
+    make: M,
+    _marker: PhantomData<Request>,
+}
+
+impl<M, Request> Clone for IntoService<M, Request>
+where
+    M: Clone,
+{
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            make: self.make.clone(),
+            _marker: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<M, Request> fmt::Debug for IntoService<M, Request>
+where
+    M: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("IntoService")
+            .field("make", &self.make)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<M, S, Target, Request> Service<Target> for IntoService<M, Request>
+where
+    M: Service<Target, Response = S>,
+    S: Service<Request>,
+{
+    type Response = M::Response;
+    type Error = M::Error;
+    type Future = M::Future;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.make.poll_ready(cx)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn call(&mut self, target: Target) -> Self::Future {
+        self.make.make_service(target)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Service returned by [`MakeService::as_service`][as].
+///
+/// See the documentation on [`as_service`][as] for details.
+///
+/// [as]: MakeService::as_service
+pub struct AsService<'a, M, Request> {
+    make: &'a mut M,
+    _marker: PhantomData<Request>,
+}
+
+impl<M, Request> fmt::Debug for AsService<'_, M, Request>
+where
+    M: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("AsService")
+            .field("make", &self.make)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<M, S, Target, Request> Service<Target> for AsService<'_, M, Request>
+where
+    M: Service<Target, Response = S>,
+    S: Service<Request>,
+{
+    type Response = M::Response;
+    type Error = M::Error;
+    type Future = M::Future;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        self.make.poll_ready(cx)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn call(&mut self, target: Target) -> Self::Future {
+        self.make.make_service(target)
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/make/make_service/shared.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/make/make_service/shared.rs
@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+use std::convert::Infallible;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+use tower_service::Service;
+
+/// A [`MakeService`] that produces services by cloning an inner service.
+///
+/// [`MakeService`]: super::MakeService
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+/// # use std::pin::Pin;
+/// # use std::convert::Infallible;
+/// use tower::make::{MakeService, Shared};
+/// use tower::buffer::Buffer;
+/// use tower::Service;
+/// use futures::future::{Ready, ready};
+///
+/// // An example connection type
+/// struct Connection {}
+///
+/// // An example request type
+/// struct Request {}
+///
+/// // An example response type
+/// struct Response {}
+///
+/// // Some service that doesn't implement `Clone`
+/// struct MyService;
+///
+/// impl Service<Request> for MyService {
+///     type Response = Response;
+///     type Error = Infallible;
+///     type Future = Ready<Result<Response, Infallible>>;
+///
+///     fn poll_ready(&mut self, _cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+///         Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+///     }
+///
+///     fn call(&mut self, req: Request) -> Self::Future {
+///         ready(Ok(Response {}))
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // Example function that runs a service by accepting new connections and using
+/// // `Make` to create new services that might be bound to the connection.
+/// //
+/// // This is similar to what you might find in hyper.
+/// async fn serve_make_service<Make>(make: Make)
+/// where
+///     Make: MakeService<Connection, Request>
+/// {
+///     // ...
+/// }
+///
+/// # async {
+/// // Our service
+/// let svc = MyService;
+///
+/// // Make it `Clone` by putting a channel in front
+/// let buffered = Buffer::new(svc, 1024);
+///
+/// // Convert it into a `MakeService`
+/// let make = Shared::new(buffered);
+///
+/// // Run the service and just ignore the `Connection`s as `MyService` doesn't need them
+/// serve_make_service(make).await;
+/// # };
+/// ```
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct Shared<S> {
+    service: S,
+}
+
+impl<S> Shared<S> {
+    /// Create a new [`Shared`] from a service.
+    pub fn new(service: S) -> Self {
+        Self { service }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<S, T> Service<T> for Shared<S>
+where
+    S: Clone,
+{
+    type Response = S;
+    type Error = Infallible;
+    type Future = SharedFuture<S>;
+
+    fn poll_ready(&mut self, _cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Result<(), Self::Error>> {
+        Poll::Ready(Ok(()))
+    }
+
+    fn call(&mut self, _target: T) -> Self::Future {
+        SharedFuture::new(futures_util::future::ready(Ok(self.service.clone())))
+    }
+}
+
+opaque_future! {
+    /// Response future from [`Shared`] services.
+    pub type SharedFuture<S> = futures_util::future::Ready<Result<S, Infallible>>;
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use crate::make::MakeService;
+    use crate::service_fn;
+    use futures::future::poll_fn;
+
+    async fn echo<R>(req: R) -> Result<R, Infallible> {
+        Ok(req)
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn as_make_service() {
+        let mut shared = Shared::new(service_fn(echo::<&'static str>));
+
+        poll_fn(|cx| MakeService::<(), _>::poll_ready(&mut shared, cx))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let mut svc = shared.make_service(()).await.unwrap();
+
+        poll_fn(|cx| svc.poll_ready(cx)).await.unwrap();
+        let res = svc.call("foo").await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(res, "foo");
+    }
+
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn as_make_service_into_service() {
+        let shared = Shared::new(service_fn(echo::<&'static str>));
+        let mut shared = MakeService::<(), _>::into_service(shared);
+
+        poll_fn(|cx| Service::<()>::poll_ready(&mut shared, cx))
+            .await
+            .unwrap();
+        let mut svc = shared.call(()).await.unwrap();
+
+        poll_fn(|cx| svc.poll_ready(cx)).await.unwrap();
+        let res = svc.call("foo").await.unwrap();
+
+        assert_eq!(res, "foo");
+    }
+}
--- a/tower/tower/src/make/mod.rs
+++ b/tower/tower/src/make/mod.rs
@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//! Trait aliases for Services that produce specific types of Responses.
+
+mod make_connection;
+mod make_service;
+
+pub use self::make_connection::MakeConnection;
+pub use self::make_service::shared::Shared;
+pub use self::make_service::{AsService, IntoService, MakeService};
+
+pub mod future {
+    //! Future types
+
+    pub use super::make_service::shared::SharedFuture;
+}
				`@ -1 +0,0 @@`
				`Subproject commit 4dc34c8d57b1e448c29cccb9f91468f6105ae461`