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779 lines
24 KiB
HTML
779 lines
24 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8" />
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<meta
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name="viewport"
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content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"
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/>
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<title>how Rust compiles</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../dist/reset.css" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../dist/reveal.css" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../dist/theme/black.css" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="asciinema-player.css" />
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<script src="asciinema-player.min.js"></script>
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<!-- Theme used for syntax highlighted code -->
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../plugin/highlight/monokai.css" />
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<style>
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* {
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--r-heading-text-transform: initial;
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}
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="reveal">
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<div class="slides">
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<section>
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<h2>how Rust compiles</h2>
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<h4>i promise it's actually doing something useful while you wait</h4>
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</section>
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<section style="height: 100%">
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: flex-start; height: 100%">
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<details>
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<summary>the Rust compilation model has surprising effects</summary>
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<iframe
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height="600"
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width="800"
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src="https://play.integer32.com/?version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2024&gist=7ac62650fd0b942ae5952b0027e0c1ce"
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referrerpolicy="no-referrer"
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></iframe>
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</details>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>introduction to myself</h2>
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<div style="display: flex">
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<div>
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<div>Noratrieb (she/her)</div>
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contributing to the compiler since 2021
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<img src="me.png" height="300" />
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</div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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# speed 🚀
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- runtime performance
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- compile times
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>what does rustc like, do?</h2>
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<h4>a quick overview of the compilation phases</h4>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>the frontend and the backend</h2>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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subgraph compiler
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frontend --> backend
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end
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source --> frontend
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backend --> binary
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>it all starts at the source</h2>
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<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
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pub fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
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a.wrapping_add(b)
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}
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>until it doesn't even look like Rust anymore</h2>
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<p>MIR</p>
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<img src="add-runtime-mir.svg" />
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## further going to LLVM IR
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```
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; meow::add
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define noundef i8 @add(i8 noundef %a, i8 noundef %b) #0 {
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start:
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%_0 = add i8 %b, %a
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ret i8 %_0
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}
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```
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## and then you're done
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```
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<add>:
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lea (%rsi,%rdi,1),%eax
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ret
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```
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## ok but why does my program compile so slowly now?
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## it's often LLVMs fault
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- but like not really
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<br>
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<img alt="output of cargo build --timings, showing blocks of blue and purple bars of roughly equal size" src="cargo-timings-debug-ra.png">
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`cargo build --timings`
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section>
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<!-- cargo build -v -j1 -->
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<div id="cargo-build-v-asciinema-player"></div>
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<script>
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AsciinemaPlayer.create(
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"cargo-build-v.cast",
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document.getElementById("cargo-build-v-asciinema-player"),
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{
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cols: 134,
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rows: 36,
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}
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);
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</script>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>a crate - the compilation unit</h2>
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<p>quite big</p>
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<p>in C it's just a single file</p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>a codegen unit</h2>
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<p>LLVM is single-threaded</p>
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<p>rustc: hi LLVM, look we are like a C file, now be fast</p>
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<p>~1-256 depending on size and configuration</p>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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crate
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crate --> cgu1["Codegen-Unit 1"]
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crate --> cgu2["Codegen-Unit 2"]
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crate --> cgu3["Codegen-Unit 3"]
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>codegen units</h2>
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<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
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fn main() {}
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</code></pre>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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mainmir["main (MIR)"]
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subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
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mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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mycgu1 --> |LLVM| mycgu1.rcgu.o
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mainmir --> mainll
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mycgu1.rcgu.o --> |link| my_binary
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std["std (and others)"] --> |link| my_binary
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## the linker
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can be a slow part for incremental builds
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- LLD (Linux (default for x86-64), Windows)
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- [mold (Linux)](https://github.com/rui314/mold)
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- [wild (Linux, experimental)](https://github.com/davidlattimore/wild)
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- MacOS default ld64 is fast already
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>codegen units (but more)</h2>
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<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
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fn main() {}
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mod foos {
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fn foo1() {}
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fn foo2() {}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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mainmir["main (MIR)"]
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foo1mir["foo1 (MIR)"]
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foo2mir["foo2 (MIR)"]
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subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
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mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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subgraph mycgu2[my CGU 2]
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foo1ll["foo1 (LLVM IR)"]
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foo2ll["foo2 (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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mycgu1 --> mycgu1.rcgu.o
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mycgu2 --> mycgu2.rcgu.o
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mainmir --> mainll
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foo1mir --> foo1ll
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foo2mir --> foo2ll
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mycgu1.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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mycgu2.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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std["std (and others)"] --> my_binary
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>codegen units (cross-crate)</h2>
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<div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; gap: 16px">
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<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
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fn add() {}
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</code></pre>
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<pre><code>
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fn main() { math::add() }
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</code></pre>
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</div>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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subgraph crate math
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addmir["add (MIR)"]
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subgraph mathcgu1[math CGU 1]
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addll["add (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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addmir --> addll
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mathcgu1 --> mathcgu1.rcgu.o
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mathcgu1.rcgu.o --> libmath.rlib
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end
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subgraph my crate
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mainmir["main (MIR)"]
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subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
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mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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mycgu1 --> mycgu1.rcgu.o
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mainmir --> mainll
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mycgu1.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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libmath.rlib --> my_binary
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std["std (and others)"] --> my_binary
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end
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style mainmir fill:purple
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style mycgu1 fill:purple
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style mainll fill:purple
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style mycgu1.rcgu.o fill:purple
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style addmir fill:darkgreen
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style mathcgu1 fill:darkgreen
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style addll fill:darkgreen
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style mathcgu1.rcgu.o fill:darkgreen
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style libmath.rlib fill:darkgreen
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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# so compile times just depend on the amount of functions?
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- yes...
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- but not source functions!
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## generics
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```rust
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fn add<T: Add>(a: T, b: T) -> T::Output {
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a + b
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}
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add(0_u16, 0_u16); // creates add<u16> function
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add(0_u32, 0_u32); // creates add<u32> function
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```
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- monomorphization, creating a copy for each type it is used with
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>instantiating generics</h2>
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<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
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fn add<T: Add>(a: T, b: T) -> T::Output { a + b }
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fn main() {
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add(0_u16, 0_u16);
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add(0_u32, 0_u32);
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}
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</code></pre>
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<div class="mermaid">
|
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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addmir["add (MIR)"]
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useitmir["main (MIR)"]
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subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
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addu16ll["add_u16 (LLVM IR)"]
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addu32ll["add_u32 (LLVM IR)"]
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useitll["main (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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mycgu1 --> mycgu1.rcgu.o
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addmir -->|instantiate with T=u16| addu16ll
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addmir -->|instantiate with T=u32| addu32ll
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useitmir --> useitll
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mycgu1.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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std["std (and others)"] --> my_binary
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>generics (cross-crate)</h2>
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<div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; gap: 16px">
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<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
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pub fn add<T: Add>(a: T, b: T) -> T::Output {
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a + b
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}
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</code></pre>
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<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
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fn main() {
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math::add(0_u16, 0_u16);
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math::add(0_u32, 0_u32);
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}
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</code></pre>
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</div>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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subgraph crate math
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addmir["add (MIR)"]
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end
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subgraph my crate
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mainmir["main (MIR)"]
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end
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subgraph my crate
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subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
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addu16ll["add_u16 (LLVM IR)"]
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addu32ll["add_u32 (LLVM IR)"]
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mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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mainmir --> mainll
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addmir --> addu16ll
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addmir --> addu32ll
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mycgu1 --> mycgu1.rcgu.o
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mycgu1.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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std["std (and others)"] --> my_binary
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end
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style addmir fill:darkgreen
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style mainmir fill:purple
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style addu16ll fill:darkgreen
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style addu32ll fill:darkgreen
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style mainll fill:purple
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style mycgu1.rcgu.o fill:purple
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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# generics are slow to compile
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- spend N times optimizing the function
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- and there's duplicate instances!
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- share-generics helps for non-release builds
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- `cargo-llvm-lines`
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</textarea>
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</section>
|
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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# and the duplicates get worse
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## inlining
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|
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```rust
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fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
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a + b
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}
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fn main() {
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let x = add(1, 4);
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println!("{x}");
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}
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```
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</textarea>
|
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</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
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<textarea data-template>
|
|
## let's inline it
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|
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```rust
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fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
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a + b
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}
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|
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fn main() {
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let x = {
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let a = 1;
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let b = 4;
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a + b
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};
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println!("{x}");
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}
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```
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</textarea>
|
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</section>
|
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<section data-markdown>
|
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<textarea data-template>
|
|
## cross-crate inlining
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|
|
```rust
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pub fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
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a + b
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}
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```
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```rust
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fn main() {
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let x = math::add(1, 4); // what is the body?...
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println!("{x}");
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}
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```
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</textarea>
|
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</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
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<textarea data-template>
|
|
## #[inline] to the rescue
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|
|
|
```rust
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#[inline]
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pub fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
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a + b
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}
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```
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```rust
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fn main() {
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let x = math::add(1, 4); // 💡 it's a + b
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println!("{x}");
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}
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```
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|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section>
|
|
<div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; gap: 16px">
|
|
<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
|
|
#[inline]
|
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pub fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
|
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a + b
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}
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</code></pre>
|
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<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
|
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fn main() {
|
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let x = math::add(1, 4);
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println!("{x}");
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}
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</code></pre>
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</div>
|
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<div class="mermaid">
|
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<pre>
|
|
%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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|
flowchart LR
|
|
subgraph crate math
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addmir["add (MIR)"]
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end
|
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|
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subgraph my crate
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mainmir["main (MIR)"]
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end
|
|
|
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subgraph my crate
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subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
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addll["add (LLVM IR)"]
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mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
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end
|
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|
|
mainmir --> mainll
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addmir --> addll
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|
mycgu1 --> mycgu1.rcgu.o
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mycgu1.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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std["std (and others)"] --> my_binary
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|
end
|
|
|
|
style addmir fill:purple
|
|
style mainmir fill:darkgreen
|
|
style addll fill:darkgreen
|
|
style mainll fill:purple
|
|
style mycgu1.rcgu.o fill:purple
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
|
<textarea data-template>
|
|
## `#[inline]`
|
|
- for non-generic functions
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|
- for very small functions, this happens automatically
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- for other functions, it doesn't, because it would be slow
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- don't over-apply it in a library, but also don't forget about it
|
|
- benchmark!
|
|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
|
<textarea data-template>
|
|
## being lazy has advantages
|
|
|
|
- that's why i wrote most of this talk last week
|
|
- `#[inline]` means that the function is *never* instantiated if it's never used!
|
|
|
|
https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2025/07/15/call-for-testing-hint-mostly-unused/
|
|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
|
<textarea data-template>
|
|
## but performance is great, i love performance
|
|
|
|
- its ok i can wait forever
|
|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
|
<textarea data-template>
|
|
## link-time optimization (LTO)
|
|
|
|
- optimizes everything in your program together at the end
|
|
- breaks crate boundaries
|
|
- is slow
|
|
- comes in many forms
|
|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section>
|
|
<h2>lto = "fat" (monolithic)</h2>
|
|
<div class="mermaid">
|
|
<pre>
|
|
%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
|
|
flowchart LR
|
|
subgraph crate math
|
|
addmir["add (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
end
|
|
subgraph crate math2
|
|
submir["sub (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
subgraph my crate
|
|
mainmir["main (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
subgraph my crate
|
|
subgraph fatlto[fat LTO]
|
|
addll["add (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
subll["sub (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
mainmir --> mainll
|
|
addmir --> addll
|
|
submir --> subll
|
|
|
|
fatlto --> my_binary
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
style addmir fill:purple
|
|
style addll fill:purple
|
|
style submir fill:darkblue
|
|
style subll fill:darkblue
|
|
style mainmir fill:darkgreen
|
|
style mainll fill:darkgreen
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>easily compiles 2-4x more slowly</p>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section>
|
|
<h2>lto = "thin" (sharded)</h2>
|
|
<div class="mermaid">
|
|
<pre>
|
|
%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
|
|
flowchart LR
|
|
subgraph crate math
|
|
addmir["add (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
end
|
|
subgraph crate math2
|
|
submir["sub (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
subgraph my crate
|
|
mainmir["main (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
subgraph my crate
|
|
subgraph thinltosummary[ThinLTO Index]
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
subgraph thinlto1[ThinLTO 1]
|
|
addll["add (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
end
|
|
subgraph thinlto2[ThinLTO 2]
|
|
subll["sub (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
end
|
|
subgraph thinlto3[ThinLTO 3]
|
|
mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
mainmir --> thinltosummary
|
|
addmir --> thinltosummary
|
|
submir --> thinltosummary
|
|
|
|
thinltosummary --> mainll
|
|
thinltosummary --> addll
|
|
thinltosummary --> subll
|
|
|
|
thinlto1 --> my_binary
|
|
thinlto2 --> my_binary
|
|
thinlto3 --> my_binary
|
|
end
|
|
|
|
style mainmir fill:purple
|
|
style addmir fill:darkgreen
|
|
style submir fill:darkblue
|
|
style addll fill:darkgreen
|
|
style subll fill:darkblue
|
|
style mainll fill:purple
|
|
</pre>
|
|
</div>
|
|
<p>
|
|
compiles ~1.1x-1.2x more slowly |
|
|
<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9nH2vZ2mNo">ThinLTO Talk</a>
|
|
</p>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
|
<textarea data-template>
|
|
## linker-plugin-lto
|
|
|
|
- fat LTO style and thin LTO style
|
|
- the merging is not done by rustc but by the linker
|
|
- works across languages (Rust (rustc) + C (clang))
|
|
- great for FFI
|
|
- annoying to set up
|
|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
|
<textarea data-template>
|
|
## there was some LTO all along
|
|
|
|
- in release mode, automatic ThinLTO across codegen units in the same crate
|
|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
|
<textarea data-template>
|
|
## how do i make my program run quickly?
|
|
|
|
- let the compiler inline functions
|
|
- libraries: remember `#[inline]`
|
|
- binaries: you want LTO
|
|
- really, it really needs to inline your functions
|
|
- without it, it's so over
|
|
- and read this: https://nnethercote.github.io/perf-book
|
|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
|
<textarea data-template>
|
|
## how do i make my program compile quickly?
|
|
|
|
- reduce the amount and size of functions
|
|
- importantly: in LLVM IR, not necessarily source!
|
|
- duplicate and frequent instantiations are bad
|
|
- and read this:
|
|
- https://corrode.dev/blog/tips-for-faster-rust-compile-times
|
|
- https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/cargo/guide/build-performance.html
|
|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
|
<textarea data-template>
|
|
## and both? 🥺👉👈
|
|
|
|
- no
|
|
- at least not at once
|
|
- debug/release
|
|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
|
<textarea data-template>
|
|
## and why did `#[inline]` make the error go away?
|
|
|
|
```rust
|
|
pub fn error() {
|
|
// vvvvvvvvvvv post-mono error!
|
|
let _x: [u8; usize::MAX] = [0; usize::MAX];
|
|
}
|
|
```
|
|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
<section data-markdown>
|
|
<textarea data-template>
|
|
## happy compiling
|
|
|
|
slides at <a href="https://noratrieb.dev/slides/">https://noratrieb.dev/slides/</a>
|
|
|
|
<img src="seaslug.png" alt="sea slug with a tada emoji">
|
|
</textarea>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</div>
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
<script src="../dist/reveal.js"></script>
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<script src="../plugin/notes/notes.js"></script>
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<script src="../plugin/markdown/markdown.js"></script>
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|
<script src="../plugin/highlight/highlight.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
<script src="./reveal.js-mermaid-plugin_11-6-0.js"></script>
|
|
|
|
<script>
|
|
// More info about initialization & config:
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|
// - https://revealjs.com/initialization/
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// - https://revealjs.com/config/
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|
Reveal.initialize({
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|
hash: true,
|
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// Learn about plugins: https://revealjs.com/plugins/
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</html>
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