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781 lines
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781 lines
24 KiB
HTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html lang="en">
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<head>
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<meta charset="utf-8" />
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<meta
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name="viewport"
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content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"
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/>
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<title>how rust compiles</title>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../dist/reset.css" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../dist/reveal.css" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../dist/theme/black.css" />
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="asciinema-player.css" />
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<script src="asciinema-player.min.js"></script>
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<!-- Theme used for syntax highlighted code -->
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="../plugin/highlight/monokai.css" />
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<style>
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* {
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--r-heading-text-transform: initial;
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}
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</style>
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</head>
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<body>
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<div class="reveal">
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<div class="slides">
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<section>
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<h2>how Rust compiles</h2>
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<h4>i promise it's actually doing something useful while you wait</h4>
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</section>
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<section style="height: 100%">
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<div style="display: flex; align-items: flex-start; height: 100%">
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<details>
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<summary>the rust compilation model has surprising effects</summary>
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<iframe
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height="600"
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width="800"
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src="https://play.integer32.com/?version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2024&gist=7ac62650fd0b942ae5952b0027e0c1ce"
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referrerpolicy="no-referrer"
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></iframe>
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</details>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>introduction to myself</h2>
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<div style="display: flex">
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<div>
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<div>Noratrieb (she/her)</div>
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contributing to the compiler since 2021
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<br />
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</div>
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<div>
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<img src="me.png" height="300" />
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</div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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# speed 🚀
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section>
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<!-- cargo build -v -j1 -->
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<div id="cargo-build-v-asciinema-player"></div>
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<script>
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||
AsciinemaPlayer.create(
|
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"cargo-build-v.cast",
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document.getElementById("cargo-build-v-asciinema-player"),
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{
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||
cols: 134,
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rows: 36,
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}
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);
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</script>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>what does rustc like, do?</h2>
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<h4>a quick overview of the compilation phases</h4>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>the frontend and the backend</h2>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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subgraph compiler
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frontend --> backend
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end
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source --> frontend
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backend --> binary
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>it all starts at the source</h2>
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<pre><code data-trim>
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pub fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
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a.wrapping_add(b)
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}
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>it gets processed</h2>
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<pre><code data-trim>
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#[attr = MacroUse {arguments: UseAll}]
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extern crate std;
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#[prelude_import]
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use std::prelude::rust_2024::*;
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fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 { a.wrapping_add(b) }
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</code></pre>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>until it doesn't even look like Rust anymore</h2>
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<p>MIR</p>
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<img src="add-runtime-mir.svg" />
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## further going to LLVM IR
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```
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; meow::add
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define noundef i8 @add(i8 noundef %a, i8 noundef %b) #0 {
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start:
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%_0 = add i8 %b, %a
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ret i8 %_0
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}
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```
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## and then you're done
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```
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<add>:
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lea (%rsi,%rdi,1),%eax
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ret
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```
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## ok but why does my program compile so slowly now?
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## it's often LLVMs fault
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- but like not really
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>a crate - the compilation unit</h2>
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<p>quite big</p>
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<p>in C it's just a single file</p>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>a codegen unit</h2>
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<p>LLVM is single-threaded</p>
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<p>rustc: hi LLVM, look we are like a C file, now be fast</p>
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<p>~1-256 depending on size and configuration (⚙️)</p>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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crate
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crate --> cgu1["Codegen-Unit 1"]
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crate --> cgu2["Codegen-Unit 2"]
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crate --> cgu3["Codegen-Unit 3"]
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crate --> cgu4["Codegen-Unit 4"]
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>codegen units</h2>
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<pre><code>
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fn main() {}
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</code></pre>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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mainmir["main (MIR)"]
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subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
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mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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mycgu1 --> |LLVM| mycgu1.rcgu.o
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mainmir --> mainll
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mycgu1.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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std["std (and others)"] --> my_binary
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>codegen units (but more)</h2>
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<pre><code>
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fn main() {}
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fn foo1() {}
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fn foo2() {}
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</code></pre>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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mainmir["main (MIR)"]
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foo1mir["foo1 (MIR)"]
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foo2mir["foo2 (MIR)"]
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subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
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mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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subgraph mycgu2[my CGU 2]
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foo1ll["foo1 (LLVM IR)"]
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foo2ll["foo2 (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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mycgu1 --> mycgu1.rcgu.o
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mycgu2 --> mycgu2.rcgu.o
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mainmir --> mainll
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foo1mir --> foo1ll
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foo2mir --> foo2ll
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mycgu1.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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mycgu2.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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std["std (and others)"] --> my_binary
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>codegen units (cross-crate)</h2>
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<div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; gap: 16px">
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<pre><code>
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fn add() {}
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</code></pre>
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<pre><code>
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fn main() { math::add() }
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</code></pre>
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</div>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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subgraph crate math
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addmir["add (MIR)"]
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subgraph mathcgu1[math CGU 1]
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addll["add (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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addmir --> addll
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mathcgu1 --> mathcgu1.rcgu.o
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mathcgu1.rcgu.o --> libmath.rlib
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end
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subgraph my crate
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mainmir["main (MIR)"]
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subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
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mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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mycgu1 --> mycgu1.rcgu.o
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mainmir --> mainll
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mycgu1.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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libmath.rlib --> my_binary
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std["std (and others)"] --> my_binary
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end
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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# so compile times just depend on the amount of functions?
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- yes...
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- but not source functions!
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## generics
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```rust
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fn add<T: Add>(a: T, b: T) -> T::Output {
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a + b
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}
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add(0_u16, 0_u16); // creates add<u16> function
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add(0_u32, 0_u32); // creates add<u32> function
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```
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>instantiating generics</h2>
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<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
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fn add<T: Add>(a: T, b: T) -> T::Output { a + b }
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fn main() {
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add(0_u16, 0_u16);
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add(0_u32, 0_u32);
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}
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</code></pre>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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||
%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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addmir["add (MIR)"]
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useitmir["main (MIR)"]
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subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
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addu16ll["add_u16 (LLVM IR)"]
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addu32ll["add_u32 (LLVM IR)"]
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useitll["main (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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mycgu1 --> mycgu1.rcgu.o
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addmir -->|instantiate with T=u16| addu16ll
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addmir -->|instantiate with T=u32| addu32ll
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useitmir --> useitll
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mycgu1.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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std["std (and others)"] --> my_binary
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section>
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<h2>generics (cross-crate)</h2>
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<div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; gap: 16px">
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<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
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pub fn add<T: Add>(a: T, b: T) -> T::Output {
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a + b
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}
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</code></pre>
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<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
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fn main() {
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math::add(0_u16, 0_u16);
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math::add(0_u32, 0_u32);
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}
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</code></pre>
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</div>
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<div class="mermaid">
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<pre>
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%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
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flowchart LR
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subgraph crate math
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addmir["add (MIR)"]
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end
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subgraph my crate
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mainmir["main (MIR)"]
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end
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subgraph my crate
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subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
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addu16ll["add_u16 (LLVM IR)"]
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addu32ll["add_u32 (LLVM IR)"]
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mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
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end
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mainmir --> mainll
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addmir --> addu16ll
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addmir --> addu32ll
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mycgu1 --> mycgu1.rcgu.o
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mycgu1.rcgu.o --> my_binary
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std["std (and others)"] --> my_binary
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end
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</pre>
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</div>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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# generics are slow to compile
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- spend N times optimizing the function
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- and there's duplicate instances!
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- `cargo-llvm-lines`
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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# and the duplicates get worse
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</textarea>
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</section>
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
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## inlining
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```rust
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fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
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a + b
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}
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fn main() {
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let x = add(1, 4);
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println!("{x}");
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}
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```
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</textarea>
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</section>
|
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<section data-markdown>
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<textarea data-template>
|
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## let's inline it
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|
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```rust
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fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
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a + b
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}
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|
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fn main() {
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let x = {
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let a = 1;
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let b = 4;
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a + b
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};
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println!("{x}");
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}
|
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```
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</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
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<textarea data-template>
|
||
## cross-crate inlining
|
||
|
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```rust
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pub fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
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a + b
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||
}
|
||
```
|
||
```rust
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||
fn main() {
|
||
let x = math::add(1, 4); // what is the body?...
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||
println!("{x}");
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## #[inline] to the rescue
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
#[inline]
|
||
pub fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
|
||
a + b
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
```rust
|
||
fn main() {
|
||
let x = math::add(1, 4); // 💡 it's a + b
|
||
println!("{x}");
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section>
|
||
<div style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; gap: 16px">
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
|
||
#[inline]
|
||
pub fn add(a: u8, b: u8) -> u8 {
|
||
a + b
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<pre><code data-trim class="language-rust">
|
||
fn main() {
|
||
let x = math::add(1, 4);
|
||
println!("{x}");
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<div class="mermaid">
|
||
<pre>
|
||
%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
|
||
flowchart LR
|
||
subgraph crate math
|
||
addmir["add (MIR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
subgraph my crate
|
||
mainmir["main (MIR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
subgraph my crate
|
||
subgraph mycgu1[my CGU 1]
|
||
addll["add (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
mainmir --> mainll
|
||
addmir --> addll
|
||
mycgu1 --> mycgu1.rcgu.o
|
||
mycgu1.rcgu.o --> my_binary
|
||
std["std (and others)"] --> my_binary
|
||
end
|
||
</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## `#[inline]` (⚙️)
|
||
- for non-generic functions
|
||
- for very small functions, this happens automatically
|
||
- for other functions, it doesn't, because it would be slow
|
||
- don't over-apply it in a library, but also don't forget about it
|
||
- benchmark!
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## being lazy has advantages
|
||
|
||
- that's why i wrote most of this talk last week
|
||
- `#[inline]` means that the function is *never* instantiated if it's never used!
|
||
|
||
https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2025/07/15/call-for-testing-hint-mostly-unused/
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## but performance is great, i love performance
|
||
|
||
- its ok i can wait forever
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## link-time optimization (LTO)
|
||
|
||
- optimizes everything in your program together at the end
|
||
- breaks crate boundaries
|
||
- is awesome
|
||
- is slow
|
||
- comes in many forms
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<!--
|
||
# r-a
|
||
|
||
base:
|
||
Benchmark 1: cargo build --release
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 58.150 s ± 0.163 s [User: 758.211 s, System: 37.637 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 57.936 s … 58.321 s 5 runs
|
||
|
||
thin:
|
||
Benchmark 1: cargo build --release
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 63.999 s ± 0.105 s [User: 879.703 s, System: 40.045 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 63.921 s … 64.182 s 5 runs
|
||
|
||
fat:
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 264.606 s ± 2.238 s [User: 570.800 s, System: 31.826 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 261.573 s … 267.297 s 5 runs
|
||
|
||
# cargo
|
||
|
||
base:
|
||
Benchmark 1: cargo build --release
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 89.381 s ± 0.460 s [User: 689.874 s, System: 55.347 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 88.605 s … 89.696 s 5 runs
|
||
|
||
thin:
|
||
Benchmark 1: cargo build --release
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 91.208 s ± 0.610 s [User: 757.353 s, System: 58.558 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 90.415 s … 92.112 s 5 runs
|
||
|
||
fat:
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 212.215 s ± 2.062 s [User: 576.259 s, System: 50.961 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 208.662 s … 213.818 s 5 runs
|
||
|
||
# ripgrep
|
||
|
||
base:
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 7.507 s ± 0.223 s [User: 64.115 s, System: 4.514 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 7.357 s … 7.882 s 5 runs
|
||
|
||
thin:
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 9.285 s ± 0.019 s [User: 81.101 s, System: 5.241 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 9.262 s … 9.308 s 5 runs
|
||
|
||
fat:
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 29.202 s ± 0.279 s [User: 51.015 s, System: 3.652 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 28.860 s … 29.574 s 5 runs
|
||
|
||
# triagebot
|
||
|
||
base:
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 74.532 s ± 0.378 s [User: 766.778 s, System: 58.719 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 74.105 s … 75.109 s 5 runs
|
||
|
||
thin:
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 89.505 s ± 0.299 s [User: 1523.951 s, System: 102.429 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 89.024 s … 89.796 s 5 runs
|
||
|
||
fat:
|
||
Time (mean ± σ): 273.275 s ± 1.694 s [User: 929.604 s, System: 65.856 s]
|
||
Range (min … max): 271.007 s … 275.619 s 5 runs
|
||
-->
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h2>lto = "fat" (monolithic)</h2>
|
||
<div class="mermaid">
|
||
<pre>
|
||
%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
|
||
flowchart LR
|
||
subgraph crate math
|
||
addmir["add (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
subgraph crate math2
|
||
submir["sub (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
subgraph my crate
|
||
mainmir["main (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
subgraph my crate
|
||
subgraph fatlto[fat LTO]
|
||
addll["add (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
subll["sub (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
mainmir --> mainll
|
||
addmir --> addll
|
||
submir --> subll
|
||
|
||
fatlto --> my_binary
|
||
end
|
||
</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>compiles r-a 237583957% more slowly</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h2>lto = "thin" (sharded)</h2>
|
||
<div class="mermaid">
|
||
<pre>
|
||
%%{init: {'theme': 'dark', 'themeVariables': { 'darkMode': true, 'fontSize': '25px' }}}%%
|
||
flowchart LR
|
||
subgraph crate math
|
||
addmir["add (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
subgraph crate math2
|
||
submir["sub (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
subgraph my crate
|
||
mainmir["main (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
subgraph my crate
|
||
subgraph thinltosummary[ThinLTO Summary]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
subgraph thinlto1[ThinLTO 1]
|
||
addll["add (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
subll["sub (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
subgraph thinlto2[ThinLTO 2]
|
||
mainll["main (LLVM IR)"]
|
||
end
|
||
|
||
mainmir --> thinltosummary
|
||
addmir --> thinltosummary
|
||
submir --> thinltosummary
|
||
|
||
thinltosummary --> mainll
|
||
thinltosummary --> addll
|
||
thinltosummary --> subll
|
||
|
||
thinlto1 --> my_binary
|
||
thinlto2 --> my_binary
|
||
end
|
||
</pre>
|
||
</div>
|
||
<p>compiles r-a 70% more slowly</p>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## linker-plugin-lto
|
||
|
||
- fat LTO style and thin LTO style
|
||
- the merging is not done by rustc but by the linker
|
||
- works across languages (Rust (rustc) + C (clang))
|
||
- great for FFI
|
||
- annoying to set up
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## there was some LTO all along
|
||
|
||
- in release mode, automatic ThinLTO across codegen units in the same crate
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## how do i make my program run quickly?
|
||
|
||
- let the compiler inline functions
|
||
- libraries: remember `#[inline]`
|
||
- binaries: you want LTO
|
||
- really, it really needs to inline your functions
|
||
- without it, it's so over
|
||
- and read this: https://nnethercote.github.io/perf-book
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## how do i make my program compile quickly?
|
||
|
||
- reduce the amount and size of functions
|
||
- importantly: in LLVM IR, not necessarily source!
|
||
- duplicate and frequent instantiations are bad
|
||
- and read this:
|
||
- https://corrode.dev/blog/tips-for-faster-rust-compile-times
|
||
- https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/cargo/guide/build-performance.html
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## and both? 🥺👉👈
|
||
|
||
- no
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## and why did `#[inline]` make the error go away?
|
||
|
||
```rust
|
||
pub fn error() {
|
||
// vvvvvvvvvvv post-mono error!
|
||
let _x: [u8; usize::MAX] = [0; usize::MAX];
|
||
}
|
||
```
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
<section data-markdown>
|
||
<textarea data-template>
|
||
## happy compiling
|
||
|
||
slides at <a href="https://noratrieb.dev/slides/">https://noratrieb.dev/slides/</a>
|
||
|
||
<img src="seaslug.png" alt="sea slug with a tada emoji">
|
||
</textarea>
|
||
</section>
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<script src="../dist/reveal.js"></script>
|
||
<script src="../plugin/notes/notes.js"></script>
|
||
<script src="../plugin/markdown/markdown.js"></script>
|
||
<script src="../plugin/highlight/highlight.js"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script src="./reveal.js-mermaid-plugin_11-6-0.js"></script>
|
||
|
||
<script>
|
||
// More info about initialization & config:
|
||
// - https://revealjs.com/initialization/
|
||
// - https://revealjs.com/config/
|
||
Reveal.initialize({
|
||
hash: true,
|
||
|
||
// Learn about plugins: https://revealjs.com/plugins/
|
||
plugins: [RevealMarkdown, RevealHighlight, RevealNotes, RevealMermaid],
|
||
});
|
||
</script>
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|